Although the Internet Protocol IPv4 was giving efficient service over than 20 years ,

but the new Internet Protocol IPv6 provides higher efficiency like having enough

level of IPs, stronger security and mobility. In fact it is good to evaluate the performance benefits that we can get from IPv6 protocol in compare to the IPv4 protocol. We can upgrade the existing IPv4 infrastructure to the next generation Internet Protocol(IPv6) and get its advantages using the transition mechanisms.

When IPv4 was designed most of networks had just few nodes, low bandwidth, high latency, and high error rates. Most common applications at that time were FTP,e-mail, and so on.In the early 1990’s, the computer industry expanded with coming the personal computers (PCs) to the market. The internet also developed and electronic businesses or e-commerce started. The market demand was the biggest factor in the Internet’s revolution. As the fast grow of the Internet was detected in the early 1990’s, it was

showing that the IPv4 address space would be finish by the end of the century. In this

regard, some mechanisms such as Network Address Translator (NAT) have extended the life of IPv4, but it was not a logical solution.Today, the market looks completely different than it was in the 1980’s. Although FTP, and e- mail are still very popular today but new applications such as video conferencing, Voice-over-IP, E-Commerce, Mobiles, and etc , have led the Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF) to seek a new Internet Protocol, that we call it IPv6.

IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible protocols. For this reason, transition to the new protocol cannot be expected to be painless, and will involve significant costs for service providers and customers alike. If we compare the costs of transition with the non-transition mode or using IPv4 with supporting new services, then it can help us identify the best time to start the transition process .Whenever transition begins there will be no single “flag day” on which the all-IPv4 network turns into an IPv6 network. At the Internet level, transition will be a lengthy

process, with the two protocols existing side by side for many years to come. To facilitate transition, the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has set up a work group called ngtrans (Next Generation TRANSition) which specifies mechanisms for supporting interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6. In particular, the group has focused on two major problems:

•How to make IPv6 terminals communicate with IPv4 terminals.

•How to transport IPv6 over an IPv4 network so that IPv6 “islands” interconnected via the IPv4-based Internet can communicate.

This second problem, which is extremely important in the initial stage of IPv6

deployment, will be joined in the future by the reciprocal problem: how to transport

IPv4 over IPv6. However; discussion of this issue have been postponed until the presence of IPv6 reaches to a significant point on the Internet.

Work on these problems has led to the development of a set of transition mechanisms, each targeted to a particular range of uses and applications.

Section 2: IP Overview

Internet protocol is the set of techniques used by many hosts for transmitting data over

the Internet. The current version of the Internet protocol is IPv4, which provides a 32-bit address system.

Internet protocol is a “best effort” system, meaning that no packet of information sent

over it is assured to reach its destination in the same condition it was sent. Often other

protocols are used in tandem with the Internet protocol for data that for one reason or

another must have extremely high fidelity.

Every device connected to a network, be it a local area network (LAN) or the Internet,

is given an Internet protocol number. This address is used to identify the device uniquely among all other devices connected to the extended network.

2.1 : Features of IP

IP is a connectionless protocol. This means that it has no concept of a job or a session.

Each packet is treated as an entity in itself. IP is rather like a postal worker sorting

letters. He is not concerned with whether a packet is one of a batch. He simply routes

packets, one at a time, to the next location on the delivery route.

IP is also unconcerned with whether a packet reaches its eventual destination, or

whether packets arrive in the original order. There is no information in a packet to

identify it as part of a sequence or as belonging to a particular job. Consequently, IP

cannot tell if packets were lost or whether they were received out of order. IP is an

unreliable protocol. Any mechanisms for ensuring that data sent arrives correct and intact are provided by the higher- level protocols in the suite.

2.2 : IP Routing

So how does an IP packet addressed to a computer on the other side of the world find

its way to its destination? The basic mechanism is very simple.

On a LAN, every host sees every packet that is sent by every other host on that LAN.

Normally, it will only do something with that packet if it is addressed to itself, or if

the destination is a broadcast address.

A router is different. A router examines every packet, and compares the destination

address with a table of addresses that it holds in memory. If it finds an exact match, it

forwards the packet to an address associated with that entry in the table. This

associated address may be the address of another network in a point- to- point link, or

it may be the address of the next-hop router.

If the router doesn’t find a match, it runs through the table again, this time looking for

a match on just the network ID part of the address. Again, if a match is found, the

packet is sent on to the address associated with that entry.

If a match still isn’t found, the router looks to see if a default next- hop address is

present. If so, the packet is sent there. If no default address is present, the router sends

an ICMP “host unreachable” or “network unreachable” message back to the sender. If

you see this message, it usually indicates a router failure at some point in the

network.

The difficult part of a router’s job is not how it routes packets, but how it builds up its

table. In the simplest case, the router table is static: it is read in from a file at start- up.

This is adequate for simple networks. You don’t even need a dedicated piece of kit for

this, because routing functionality is built into IP.

Dynamic routing is more complicated. A router builds up its table by broadcasting

ICMP router solicitation messages, to which other routers respond. Routing protocols

are used to discover the shortest path to a location. Routes are updated periodically in

response to traffic conditions and availability of a route. However, the details of how

this all works is beyond the scope of this report.

2.3 : Future of the Internet

As we can see the Internet will have a serious problem in a few years. Due to its

amazing growth and the limitations in its design and facilities , there will be a

problem when no more free addresses are available for connecting to new hosts or

assigning to a new device. At that point, no more new web servers can be set up, no

more users can sign up for accounts at ISPs, and no more new machines can be set up to access the web or join in online games.

Several solutions have been made to solve the problem. A very popular approach is to

not assign a worldwide unique address to every user’s machine, but rather to assign

them “private” addresses, and hide several machines behind one official, globally

unique address. This technique is called “Network Address Translation” or NAT. It

has problems, as the machines hidden behind the global address can’t be addressed,

and as a result of this, opening connections to them which are used in online gaming,

peer-to-peer networking, and etc, is not possible.

A different approach to the problem of Internet addresses getting scarce is to discard

the old Internet protocol with its limited addressing capabilities, and use a new

protocol that does not have these limitations. The protocol or actually, a set of

protocols used by machines connected to form today’s Internet is known as the

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol, Internet Protocol), and version 4 currently in

use has all the problems described above.

Switching to a different protocol version that does not have these problems of course

requires for a new version to be available. And actually, there is a better version.

Version 6 of the Internet Protocol (IPv6) provides future inquiries on address space,

and also addresses other features such as privacy, encryption, and better support of

mobile computing as well.

Assuming a basic understanding of how today’s IPv4 works, this report is intended

as an introduction to the IPv6 protocol. The changes in address formats and name

resolution are covered. After that, it is shown how to use IPv6 by using a simple-yet-

efficient transition mechanism called 6to4.

Section 3 : IPv6 vs IPV4

When telling people to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6, the question you usually hear is “Why?”.

There are actually a few good reasons to move to the new version:

• Bigger address space

• Support for mobile devices

• Built-in security

3.1 : Bigger address space

The bigger address space IPv6 offers is the most obvious enhancement it has over

IPv4. While today’s Internet architecture is based on 32-bit wide addresses, the new

version has 128-bit technology available for addressing. Base on the enlarged address

space, workarounds like NAT don’t have to be used anymore. This allows full, unconstrained IP connectivity for today’s IP-based machines as well as upcoming mobile devices like PDAs and cell phones all will benefit from full IP access through GPRS and UMTS.

3.2 : Mobility

When mentioning mobile devices and IP, it’s important to note that a special protocol

is needed to support mobility, and implementing this protocol that is called “Mobile

IP” is one of the requirements for every IPv6 stack. Thus, if we have IPv6 going, we

have support for roaming between different networks, with global notification when

we leave one network and enter the other one. Support for roaming is possible with

IPv4 too, but there are a number of hoops that need to be jumped in order to get things

working. With IPv6, there’s no need for this, as support for mobility was one of the

design requirements for IPv6.

3.3 : Security

Besides support for mobility, security was another requirement for the successor to

today’s Internet Protocol version. As a result, IPv6 protocol stacks are required to

include IPsec. IPsec allows authentication, encryption, and compression of IP traffic.

Except for application-level protocols like SSL or SSH, all IP traffic between two

nodes can be handled without adjusting any applications. The benefit of this is that all

applications on a machine can benefit from encryption and authentication, and that

policies can be set on a per-host (or even per-network) basis, not per application/service.

Section 4 : IPV6 Addressing

The IPV6 Addressing properties is presented in this section.

4.1: Multiple addresses

In IPv4, a host usually has one IP number per network interface or even per machine

if the IP stack supports it. Only very rare applications like web servers result in

machines having more than one IP number.

In IPv6, this is different. For each interface, there is not only a globally unique IP

address, but there are two other addresses that are of interest: The link-local address,

and the site-local address. The link-local address has a prefix of fe80::/64, and the

host bits are built from the interface’s EUI64 address. The link-local address is used

for contacting hosts and routers on the same network only, the addresses are not

visible or reachable from different subnets. If desired, there’s the choice of either

using global addresses as assigned by a provider, or using site-local addresses.[16]

Site-local addresses are assigned the network address fec0::/10, and subnets and hosts

can be addressed just as for provider-assigned networks. The only difference is that

the addresses will not be visible to outside machines, as these are on a different

network, and their site-local addresses are in a different physical net. As with the 10/8

network in IPv4, site-local addresses can be used, but don’t have to be. For IPv6, it’s

most common to have hosts assigned a local link and a global IP address. Site-local

addresses are rather uncommon today, and is no substitute for globally unique

adresses if global connectivity is required.

4.2 : Multicasting

In IP land, there are three ways to talk to a host: unicast, broadcast, and multicast. The

most common way to talk to a host is by talking to it directly using its unicast address.

In IPv4, the unicast address is the “normal” IP address assigned to a single host, with

all address bits assigned. The broadcast address used to address all hosts in the same

IP subnet has the network bits set to the network address, and all host bits set to “1″

which can be easily done using the netmask and some bit operations. Multicast addresses are used to reach a number of hosts in the same multicast group, which can be machines spread across the Internet. Machines must join multicast groups

explicitly to participate, and there are special IPv4 numbers used for multicast addresses, allocated from the 224/8 subnet. Multicast isn’t used very much in IPv4, and only few applications use it.In IPv6, unicast addresses are used the same as in IPv4, no surprise there all the

network and host bits are assigned to identify the target network and machine.

Broadcasts are no longer available in IPv6 in the way they were in IPv4, this is where multicasting comes into play. Addresses in the ff::/8 network are reserved for multicast applications, and there are two special multicast addresses that supersede the broadcast addresses from IPv4. One is the “all routers” multicast address, the others is for “all hosts”.

The details about IPv6 are in general the way they were proposed in the RFCs by IETF, however we chose to use Microsoft Windows 2003 as the platform to implement the tests. Due to their early stages of development, the IPv6 protocol stack in Windows 2003 still has many problems, such as fragmentation issues, no support

for IPSec, a native security feature, etc…

Microsoft has two different implementations of an IPv6 stack both for Windows NT 5.0 and Windows 2003. The older stack, known as the “Microsoft Research IPv6 Release 1.4”, works under both NT 4.0 and Win2K; the newer stack, known as the

“Microsoft IPv6 Technology Preview for Windows 2003” works under Windows 2003. Both stacks require an existing IPv4 stack to be previously installed.

Once installed, besides giving the Windows environment the support for IPv6, it

creates a whole new set of routines, such as “ping6”, “tracert6”, which are similar in

function to “ping” and “tracert”, but work with the new IPv6 stack. The good part about the IPv6 implementation that Microsoft created is that they embedded the IPv6 socket creation in the Winsock2 API. That means that they added a few more functions when you create the sockets, however, the fundamentals remained the same,

and thus a programmer that can make an IPv4 application can most likely learn how

to make a simple IPv6 application as well.

Internet Protocol version 6 is designed as an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet

Protocol (IPv4) and will, in fact, coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv6 is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts connected and the total amount of data traffic transmitted; it will have a 128 bit address looking like FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF, and it will support up to

340,282,366,920938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456unique addresses.in Table1 we can see the advantages of IPV6 versus IPV4 .

The IPv6 header is always present and is a fixed size of 40 bytes. The fields in the

IPv6 header are described briefly below.

The fields in the IPv6 header are:

Version – 4 bits are used to indicate the version of IP and is set to 6.

Traffic Class – Indicates the class or priority of the IPv6 packet. The size of this field

is 8 bits.The Traffic Class field provides similar functionality to the IPv4 Type of

Service field.

Flow Label – Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of packets

between a source and destination, requiring special handling by intermediate IPv6

routers. The size of this field is 20 bits. The Flow Label is used for non-default quality

of service connections, such as those needed by real- time data (voice and video). For

default router handling, the Flow Label is set to 0. There can be multiple flows between a source and destination, as distinguished by separate non-zero Flow Labels.Payload Length – Indicates the length of the IP payload. The size of this field is 16 bits. The Payload Length field includes the extension headers and the upper layer PDU. With 16 bits, an IPv6 payload of up to 65,535 bytes can be indicated. For payload lengths greater than 65,535 bytes, the Payload Length field is set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in the Hop-by-Hop Options extension header.

Next Header – Indicates either the first extension header (if present) or the protocol

in the upper layer PDU (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6). The size of this field is 8

bits. When indicating an upper layer protocol above the Internet layer, the same

values used in the IPv4 Protocol field are used here.

Extension Header – Zero or more extension headers can be present and are of

varying lengths. A Next Header field in the IPv6 header indicates the next extension

header.Within each extension header is another Next Header field that indicates the

next extension header. The last extension header indicates the upper layer protocol

(such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6) contained within the upper layer protocol data unit.

The IPv6 header and extension headers replace the existing IPv4 IP header with options. The new extension header format allows IPv6 to be augmented to support future needs and capabilities. Unlike options in the IPv4 header, IPv6 extension headers have no maximum size and can expand to accommodate all the extension data

needed for IPv6 communication.

Hop Limit – Indicates the maximum number of links over which the IPv6 packet can

travel before being discarded. The size of this field is 8 bits. The Hop Limit is similar

to the IPv4 TTL field except that there is no historical relation to the amount of time

(in seconds) that the packet is queued at the router. When the Hop Limit equals 0, the

packet is discarded and an ICMP Time Expired message is sent to the source address.

Source Address –Stores the IPv6 address of the originating host. The size is 128 bits.

Destination Address – Stores the IPv6 address of the current destination host. The

size of this field is 128 bits. In most cases the Destination Address is set to the final

destination address.

However, if a Routing extension header is present, the Destination Address might be

set to the next router interface in the source route list.

Section 5 : Transition Mechanisms

As IPv6 is finally beginning to mature, it is evident that methods of upgrading the

Internet need to be found. One idea would be to turn off the entire Internet at 12 pm,

upgrade the network infrastructure include routers, protocol stacks, …and turn the

Internet back on at 6 am and hope everything works fine and correct.

This is unrealistic due to the fact that it would cost more money than it is imaginable,

the time would be way too short, and nothing ever works as good as it is in theory.

More gradual transition methods have evolved, ones which are likely to happen over

the course of 10 years or so. Some of the transition mechanisms are:

Dual Stack

SIIT – Stateless IP/ ICMP Translator

AIIH – Assignment of IPv4 Global Addresses to IPv6 Hosts

NAT – Protocol Translator – has scaling and DNS issues, and has single point of failure disadvantage

Tunnel Broker – dynamically gain access to tunnel servers, but has authentication and scaling issues;

6-to-4 Mechanism – dynamic stateless tunnels over IPv4 infrastructure to connect 6-to-4 domains

IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling – Allows existing infrastructure to be utilized via manually configured tunnels

o Host-Host Tunneling

o Router-Router Tunneling

o Host-Router and vice versa Tunneling

5.1 : Dual Stack:

The basic approach for permitting all communications is the so-called dual stack IP,

where each new host, server, router or other item of equipment dealing with the IP level can support both protocols. In this way, communication between IPv6 terminals

takes place directly, while an IPv4/IPv6 terminal which must communicate with an IPv4-only terminal can do so in IPv4. This approach is not particularly burdensome for hosts and servers, as it is a software upgrade which has no significant impact on the system. Nevertheless, the main drawback of this approach is the need to maintain

a multi-protocol network with a double routing infrastructure, which increases administrators’ work load. In addition, generalized use of the dual stack IP model will not be possible when address space exhaustion reaches the point that new IPv4 addresses can no longer be assigned.

To overcome these problems, several solutions for interoperation between IPv6-only networks and IPv4-only networks have been specified which permit end-to-end communication between heterogeneous terminals:

•Dual stack IP ALG devices which make it possible to perform protocol translation at the borders between non-homogeneous networks through the use of application proxies implemented on dual stack servers.

•NAT-PT (Network Address Translator – Protocol Translator) devices, which make it possible to perform address and protocol translation at the borders between non-homogeneous networks at IP level.

•The Dual Stack Transition Mechanism, or DSTM, which proposes to use the dual stack IP approach on the basis of IPv4 addresses assigned dynamically only when needed, and the use of IPv4 over IPv6 tunneling in order to cross the local IPv6 network before accessing the outer IPv4 network.

Though these transition mechanisms have the same shortcomings as the similar mechanisms proposed for interconnecting separate IPv4 networks, they provide a significant advantage for the future. Thus, while the mechanisms for IPv4 are final,and can no longer be done without, those for the transition towards IPv6 are instrumental in ensuring coexistence between IPv4 and IPv6, which should come to an end once the Internet operates entirely under IPv6.

IPv6 was delivered with migration techniques to cover every conceivable IPv4 upgrade case, but many were ultimately rejected by the technology community, and today we are left with a small set of practical approaches.

Dual stack is involve with running IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time. End nodes and routers/switches run both protocols, and if IPv6 communication is possible that is the preferred protocol.

A common dual-stack migration strategy is to make the transition from the core to the

edge. This involves enabling two TCP/IP protocol stacks on the WAN core routers,then perimeter routers and firewalls, then the server-farm routers and finally the desktop access routers. After the network supports IPv6 and IPv4 protocols, the process will enable dual protocol stacks on the servers and then the edge computer

systems.

Another approach is to use tunnels to carry one protocol inside another. These tunnels

take IPv6 packets and encapsulate them in IPv4 packets to be sent across portions of the network that haven’t yet been upgraded to IPv6.

Other techniques, such as network address translation–protocol translation (NAT-PT)

simply translate IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets. These translation techniques are more

complicated than IPv4 NAT because the protocols have different header formats.Translation techniques were intended to be used as a last resort. Using dual-stack and tunneling techniques is preferable to using NAT-PT.

It will be easier to try to run everything in a dual-stack mode first and then remove the

IPv4 protocol over time. Currently there aren’t many systems being developed for IPv6-only communications, but there are many systems that work in dual-stack mode. Microsoft’s new operating systems, for example, have a dual-layer architecture that makes for seamless operation of either protocol. Therefore, migration plans should maximize the use of dual stack and minimize the amount of tunneling. It should also

be mentioned that running dual stack is not the final state. We can’t forget that full

migration to IPv6 is the final destination.

Dual stack IPV4/IPV6

In the 1990s the network industry used the phrase “Switch where you can, route where you must.” However, over time the performance gap between routing and switching closed. For IPv6 transitions the new moniker will be “Dual stack where you can, tunnel where you must.”

5.2 : IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling:

IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling is one of the easiest transition mechanism by which two IPv6

hosts / networks can be connected with each other while running on existing IPv4 networks through establishing some special routes called tunnels. In this technique, IPv6 packets are encapsulated in IPv4 packets and then are sent over IPv4 networks like ordinary IPv4 packets through tunnels. At the end of tunnel these packets are

decapsulated to the original IPv6 packets.

The following are some important characteristics of tunneling mechanism:

When encapsulating a datagram, the TTL in the inner IP header is decremented by

only one if the tunnel is being done as part of forwarding the datagram; otherwise the

inner header TTL is not changed during encapsulation. If the resulting TTL in the

inner IP header is zero, the datagram is discarded and an ICMP Time Exceeded message is returned to the sender.

Therefore, an encapsulator will not encapsulate a datagram with TTL=0.

Encapsulation of IPv6 in IPv4:

o Utilizes IPv4 routing and properties.

o Loses special IPv6 features.

o Requires a hole in firewall to allow through protocol 41 (IP in IP).

There are two types of tunnels: manual and dynamic. Manually configured IPv6 tunneling requires configuration at both ends of the tunnel, whereas dynamic tunnels are created automatically based on the packet destination address and routing. Dynamic tunneling techniques simplify maintenance compared with statically

configured tunnels, but static tunnels make traffic information available for each

endpoint, providing extra security against injected traffic.

There are, in fact, concerns over the security of tunneling techniques. For example, with dynamic tunnels it isn’t easy to track who is communicating over the transient tunnels, and you don’t know the tunnel destination endpoint. It is a scary proposition when your routers communicate with other nonauthenticated routers. It is also

possible to send forged traffic toward a tunnel endpoint and get traffic spuriously inserted into the tunnel. Tunneling creates situations in which traffic will be encapsulated, and many firewalls won’t inspect the traffic if it is in a tunnel. Allowing IP Protocol 41 (IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4) through an IPv4 firewall is not a best

practice. This is like creating an “IPv6 permit any any all” rule through the firewall.

Tunnels will constantly have to be changed and monitored as your transition progresses. Tunnels will also have to be removed when the IPv6 ocean gets larger and we migrate to full IPv6. Tunnels are, therefore, just a transitional technique, and troubleshooting in an environment full of tunnels will be challenging.

Dynamic tunnel techniques don’t create tunnel interfaces that can be monitored with SNMP. Dynamic tunnel techniques such as 6 to 4 use 2002::/16 addresses, which means you will need to re-address the network twice as part of the transition to IPv6.

Many of the dynamic tunneling techniques are also unable to forward multicast traffic and can’t traverse an IPv4 NAT in the middle of the network.

If a tunnel falls entirely within a routing domain, it will be considered as plain serial

link by interior routing protocol such as RIP or OSPF. But if it lies between two routing domains it needs exterior protocols like BGP etc..

In case of congestion in the tunnel, an ICMP Source Quench message will be issued in order to inform the previous node of the congestion.

In different types of tunneling, only de/encapsulation points are varied depending on

the start and end of tunnels, however the basic idea remains the same.

IPv6 tunneling enables the iSeries server to connect to IPv6 nodes (hosts and routers) across IPv4 domains. Tunneling permits isolated IPv6 nodes or networks to communicate without changing the underlying IPv4 infrastructure. Tunneling allows IPv4 and IPv6 protocols to cooperate, and thereby provides a transitional method of

implementing IPv6 while retaining IPv4 connectivity.

A tunnel consists of two dual-stack (IPv4 and IPv6) nodes on an IPv4 network. These dual-stack nodes are capable of processing both IPv4 and IPv6 communications. One of the dual-stack nodes on the edge of the IPv6 infrastructure inserts an IPv4 header in front of (encapsulates) each IPv6 packet that arrives and sends it as though it were normal IPv4 traffic, through existing links. IPv4 routers continue to forward this traffic. On the other side of the tunnel, another dual-stack node removes the extra IP header from the IPv6 packet (decapsulates) and routes it to the ultimate destination using standard IPv6.

IPv6 tunneling runs over configured tunnel lines, which are virtual lines. Configured tunnel lines provide IPv6 communications to any node with a routable IPv4 address that supports IPv6 tunnels. These nodes may exist anywhere, that is, within the local IPv4 domain or within a remote domain.

Configured tunnel connections are point-to-point.To configure this type of tunnel

line, you must specify the local tunnel endpoint (IPv4 address), such as 124.10.10.150, and the local IPv6 address, such as 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200c:417a. We must also create an IPv6 route to enable traffic to travel through the tunnel. As we create the route, we will define one of the tunnel’s remote endpoints (IPv4

address) as the route’s next hop. We may configure an unlimited number of endpoints

for an unlimited number of tunnels.

5.2.1 : Host-to-Host Tunneling

In host to host tunneling method, encapsulation is done at source host and ecapsulation is done at destination host. So the tunnel is created in between two hosts supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. So in this way encapsulated datagrams are sent through the tunnel over the IPv4 network.

Both hosts having dual stack encapsulate the packets of IPv6 in IPv4 packets and transmit over the network as an IPv4 packet utilizing all the characteristics and routing mechanisms of IPv4. With this transition mechanism, it is possible to support IPv6 simply by upgrading the end hosts protocol stacks to IPv6 while leaving the IPv4

infrastructure unchanged.

5.2.2 : Router-to-Router Tunneling

In router to router tunneling mechanism, encapsulation is done at edge router of

originating host and decapsulation is done in the same way at edge router of destined host. The tunnel is created in between two edge routers supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. Therefore, the end hosts can support native IPv6 protocol stack while the edge routers create the tunnels and handle the encapsulation and decapsulation in order to transmit the packets over the existing IPv4 infrastructure.

The IPv6 datagrams are forwarded from host to edge routers while encapsulation takes place at the router level; similarly at the other end, the reverse process takes place. In this method, both edge routers need to support dual stacks and established a tunnel prior to transmission.

5.2.3 : Host-to-Router Tunneling

In host to router tunneling mechanism, encapsulation is done at originating host and

decapsulation is done in the same way at edge router of destined host and vice versa.

The tunnel is created in between one host and one edge router both of them supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. So in this way encapsulated datagrams are sent through the tunnel over the existing IPv4 network. The same process can happen the other way around, from one edge router to an end host.

The tunnel is therefore established between the host and the router. In this method one

dual stack supporting router and one dual stack supporting host is required.

5.3 : Overlay Tunnels for IPv6

Overlay tunneling encapsulates IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets for delivery across an

IPv4 infrastructure (a core network or the Internet).By using overlay tunnels, we can

communicate with isolated IPv6 networks without upgrading the IPv4 infrastructure

between them. Overlay tunnels can be configured between border routers or between

a border router and a host; however, both tunnel endpoints must support both the IPv4

and IPv6 protocol stacks as we can see in figure

4 . Cisco IOS IPv6 supports the

following types of overlay tunneling mechanisms:

• Manual

• Generic routing encapsulation (GRE)

• IPv4-compatible

• 6to4

• Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)

Note Overlay tunnels reduce the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of an interface

by 20 octets (assuming the basic IPv4 packet header does not contain optional fields).

A network using overlay tunnels is difficult to troubleshooting. Therefore, overlay tunnels connecting isolated IPv6 networks should not be considered as a final IPv6 network architecture. The use of overlay tunnels should be considered as a transition technique toward a network that supports both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks or just the IPv6 protocol stack .

5.5 : GRE/IPv4 Tunnel Support for IPv6 Traffic

IPv6 traffic can be carried over IPv4 GRE tunnels using the standard GRE tunneling technique that is designed to provide the services necessary to implement any standard point-to-point encapsulation scheme. As in IPv6 manually configured tunnels, GRE tunnels are links between two points, with a separate tunnel for each

link. The tunnels are not tied to a specific passenger or transport protocol, but in this

case carry IPv6 as the passenger protocol with the GRE as the carrier protocol and

IPv4 or IPv6 as the transport protocol.

The primary use of GRE tunnels is for stable connections that require regular secure

communication between two edge routers or between an edge router and an end system. The edge routers and the end systems must be dual-stack implementations.

GRE has a protocol field that identifies the passenger protocol. GRE tunnels allow

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) or IPv6 to be specified as a passenger protocol, which allows both IS-IS and IPv6 traffic to run over the same tunnel. If GRE did not have a protocol field, it would be impossible to distinguish whether the tunnel was carrying IS-IS or IPv6 packets. The GRE protocol field is why

it is desirable that you tunnel IS-IS and IPv6 inside GRE.

5.6 : GRE/CLNS Tunnel Support for IPv4 and IPv6 Packets GRE tunneling of IPv4 and IPv6 packets through CLNS networks enables Cisco CLNS Tunnels (CTunnels) to interoperate with networking equipment from other vendors. The optional GRE services defined in header fields, such as checksums, keys, and sequencing, are not supported. Any packet received requesting such

services will be dropped.

5.7 : Automatic 6to4 Tunnels

An automatic 6to4 tunnel allows isolated IPv6 domains to be connected over an IPv4 network to remote IPv6 networks. The key difference between automatic 6to4 tunnels and manually configured tunnels is that the tunnel is not point-to-point; it is point-to-multipoint. In automatic 6to4 tunnels, routers are not configured in pairs because they treat the IPv4 infrastructure as a virtual nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) link. The

IPv4 address embedded in the IPv6 address is used to find the other end of the automatic tunnel.

An automatic 6to4 tunnel may be configured on a border router in an isolated IPv6 network, which creates a tunnel on a per-packet basis to a border router in another IPv6 network over an IPv4 infrastructure. The tunnel destination is determined by the IPv4 address of the border router extracted from the IPv6 address that starts with the prefix 2002::/16, where the format is 2002:border-router-IPv4-address::/48. Following the embedded IPv4 address are 16 bits that can be used to number networks within the

site. The border router at each end of a 6to4 tunnel must support both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks. 6to4 tunnels are configured between border routers or between a border router and a host.

The simplest deployment scenario for 6to4 tunnels is to interconnect multiple IPv6 sites, each of which has at least one connection to a shared IPv4 network. This IPv4 network could be the global Internet or a corporate backbone. The key requirement is that each site have a globally unique IPv4 address; the Cisco IOS software uses this address to construct a globally unique 6to4/48 IPv6 prefix. As with other tunnel

mechanisms, appropriate entries in a Domain Name System (DNS) that map between hostnames and IP addresses for both IPv4 and IPv6 allow the applications to choose the required address.

5.8 : Automatic IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Tunnels

Automatic IPv4-compatible tunnels use IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses. IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses are IPv6 unicast addresses that have zeros in the high-order 96 bits of the address, and an IPv4 address in the low-order 32 bits. They can be written as 0:0:0:0:0:0:A.B.C.D or ::A.B.C.D, where “A.B.C.D” represents the

embedded IPv4 address.

The tunnel destination is automatically determined by the IPv4 address in the low-

order 32 bits of IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses. The host or router at each end of an IPv4-compatible tunnel must support both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks. IPv4-compatible tunnels can be configured between border-routers or between a border-router and a host. Using IPv4-compatible tunnels is an easy method to create tunnels

for IPv6 over IPv4, but the technique does not scale for large networks.

IPv4-compatible tunnels were initially supported for IPv6, but are being deprecated. Cisco recommends that you use the IPv6 ISATAP tunneling technique.

Section 6 : IPV6 Network potential problems

6.1 : Poor IPv6 Network Performance:

Most applications on dual stack nodes will try IPv6 destinations first by default due

to the Default Address Selection mechanism. If the IPv6 connectivity to those

destinations is poor while the IPv4 connectivity is better , the IPv6 traffic experiences higher latency, lower throughput, or more lost packets than IPv4 traffic, applications will still communicate over IPv6 at the expense of network

performance. There is no information available to applications in this case to advise them to try another destination address. An example of such a situation is a node which obtains IPv4 connectivity natively through an ISP, but whose IPv6 connectivity is obtained through a configured tunnel whose other endpoint is

topologically such that most IPv6 communication is done through triangular IPv4 paths. Operational experience on the 6bone shows that IPv6 RTT’s are poor in such situations. An example of such a network is an enterprise network that has both IPv4 and IPv6 routing within the enterprise and has a firewall configured to allow some IPv4 communication,but no IPv6 ommunication.

6.2 : Security Problems in IPV6 over IPV4:

Enabling IPv6 on a host implies that the services on the host may be open to IPv6 communication. If the service itself is insecure and depends on a security policy enforced somewhere else on the network (such as in a firewall), then there is

potential for new attacks against the service.

A firewall may not be enforcing the same policy for IPv4 as for IPv6 traffic, which could be due to misconfiguration of the firewall. One possibility is that the firewall could have more relaxed policy for IPv6, perhaps by letting all IPv6 packets pass through, or by letting all IPv4 protocol packets pass through. In this scenario, the dual stack hosts within the protected network could be subject to different attacks than for IPv4.Even if a firewall has a stricter policy or identical policy for IPv6 traffic than for

IPv4 (the extreme case being that it drops all IPv6 traffic), IPv6 packets could go through the network untouched if tunneled over a transport layer. This could open the host to direct IPv6 attacks. It should be noted that IPv4 packets can also be tunneled, so this is not a new security concern for IPv6. Firewalls must be

deliberately and properly configured.

A similar problem could exist for virtual private network (VPN) software. A VPN could protect all IPv4 packets but transmit all others onto the local subnet unprotected. At least one widely used VPN behaves this way. This is problematic

on a dual stack host that has IPv6 enabled on its local network. It establishes its VPN link and attempts to communicate with destinations that resolve to both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. The destination address selection mechanism prefers the IPv6 destination so the application sends packets to an IPv6 address. The VPN doesn’t know about IPv6, so instead of protecting the packets and sending them to the

remote end of the VPN, it passes such packets in the clear to the local network.

This is problematic for a number of reasons. The first is that if the node has a default IPv6 route, the packets will be forwarded off-link to an unknown destination.

Another is if no legitimate router is on-link and the node makes the on-link, the packets will simply be sent onto the local link to be potentially viewed by a node spoofing the destination. A third is if a rogue IPv6 router exists on-link. In that case the malicious node will simply be sent all IPv6 packets in the clear.

6.3 : Finding problems in TCP/IP using IPV6:

In this part I want to describe the techniques and tools that we can use to help identify

a problem at successive layers of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) protocol stack that is using an Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Internet layer in Microsoft Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 or Windows Vista.

Depending on the type of problem, we might do one of the following:

-Starting from the bottom of the stack and move up.

-Starting from the top of the stack and move down.

The following sections are organized from the top of the stack and describe how to:

-Verify IPv6 connectivity

-Verify Domain Name System (DNS) name resolution for IPv6 addresses

-Verify IPv6-based TCP connections

We can also use Network Monitor to capture IPv6 traffic Although not specified in the following sections, to troubleshoot many problems with IPv6-based communications. Network Monitor is provided with Microsoft Systems Management Server and as an optional network component with Windows Server 2003. However, to correctly interpret the display of IPv6 packets in Network Monitor, we must have

detailed knowledge of the protocols included in each packet.

7.3.1 : Manage Configuration

To manually configure IPv6 addresses, use the netsh interface ipv6 set address command. In Windows Vista, we can manually configure IPv6 addresses from the properties of the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) component, available from the Network Connections folder. In most cases, we do not need to manually configure

IPv6 addresses because they are automatically assigned for hosts through IPv6 address auto-configuration.

Also to make changes to the configuration of IPv6 interfaces, we use the netsh interface ipv6 set interface command. To add the IPv6 addresses of DNS servers, use the netsh interface ipv6 add dnsserver command.

7.3.2 : Verify Reachability

To verify reachability with a local or remote destination, try the following:

“Check and flush the neighbor cache” . Similar to the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache, the neighbor cache stores recently resolved link-layer addresses. To display the current contents of the neighbor cache, use the netsh interface ipv6 show neighbors command.

Section 7 : Conclusion

There are some of mechanisms for network administrators to transition their networks

from IPv4 to IPv6. The transition technologies I have presented are robust to slowly and incrementally transitioning groups of networks, as well as mixed protocol support of hosts within individual networks.

My recommendation is using tunneling IPV6 over IPV4 as much as possible to Simplify communications between IPv6 hosts.

I recommend first using tunneling to support both IPv4 and IPv6 applications, then slowly transitioning to pure IPV6 infrastructure. I believe this gradual process will support legacy systems until they are totally replaced, and this will ready the intranet for an IPv6 internet by the time of IPv4 address exhaustion.

Microsoft has more software that has no IPv6 support, but alternatives are available and everything still works on IPv4. It will take some time before everything has IPv6 support, until than both IPv6 and IPv4 can coexist together without any problems. Therefore it is advisable to implement IPv6 as much as possible,

because sooner or later the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 has to be made. Important when deciding to implement IPv6 is to plan everything very carefully. Especially when it comes to services it is important to know whether or not the services installed and configured in your situation are capable of handling IPv6.

Internet service providers may wait till there are enough IPv6 applications to deploy IPv6 networks, and application developers may wait for the IPv6 network to be deployed first. It is up to servers and application developers to take

more and more IPv6 into consideration and also all the business sectors to consider migrating to IPv6, and not waiting for others to be the firsts.

Of course, if everyone waits until the last minute, it could end up costing much

more not just to engineer the transition, but in the cost of the disruption to what has become a crucial part of our economic and social infrastructure.

As I wrote a common dual-stack migration strategy is to make the transition from the

core to the edge. This involves enabling two TCP/IP protocol stacks on the WAN core

routers, then perimeter routers and firewalls, then the server-farm routers and finally

the desktop access routers. After the network supports IPv6 and IPv4 protocols, the

process will enable dual protocol stacks on the servers and then the edge computer Systems.

In my opinion it is not difficult to implement IPv6 in an IPv4 environment and if there

are any hesitations left, this report shows that migration can go without difficulties.

The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will be a larger task for the industry. It will affect nearly all networked applications, end-systems, frastructure systems, and network architectures.

The conversion to IPv6 has no specific timeline.

However, as noted upper, the rate of IPv4 address using is rapidly decreasing.

Section 9 : References

[1] Borella, M.; Grabelsky, D.; Lo, J.; Taniguchi, K. Realm “Specific IP Protocol Specification.” . IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security .http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3103 March 2007

[2] Sawant, A. ” IPv6 Features and Migration from IPv4.” In Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal, January 2004. from www.bechteltelecoms.com/docs/bttj_v2/Article8.pdf

[3] T. Chown.” Considerations for IPv6 Tunneling Solutions.”. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS).April 2004.University of Southampton

[4] China Internet Information Center. “Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China.”. from http://www.cnnic.net.cn/uploadfiles/pdf/2007/2/14/200607.pdf January 2007

[5] S. Daniel Park, “IPv6 Tunnel End-point Automatic Discovery Mechanism”. IJCSNS International Journal .(Sep 2004).

[6] Nevil Brownless, NeTraMet, .” Observations of IPv6 traffic on a 6to4 relay”

IJCSA, International Journal of computer science and application . http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1052821 .(Jan 2005)

[7] Daniele Muscetta , “ Connecting to an IPv6 Tunnel Broker ” . IJCSNS International Journal . (2005)

[8] Wright, A. “ Internet Adoption Slowing But Dependence on It Continues to Grow. “. from http://www.ipsosna.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=3030 March 29, 2006

[9] Barlow, J. “ IPv6 HandsOn “ IJCSA, International Journal of computer science and application . December 2006

[10] Tsirtsis, G.; Srisuresh, P.” Network Address Translation Protocol Translation (NATPT).” In InternetDraft, .Retrieved December 2006 from http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2766

[11] Borella, M.; Montenegro, G. “Address Sharing with EndtoEnd Security. “ In the Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Intelligence at the Network Edge, December 2006 from https://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/ine2000/full_papers/borella/borella_html/rsipusenix.html

[12] Borman, D.; Deering, S.; Hinden, R. “ IPv6 Jumbograms.” . IJCSNS International Journal . December 2006 from http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2675

[13] Carpenter, B.; Moore, K.” Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds.”

International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS) Decemeber 2006 .

[14] Hupprich, L.; Bumatay, M. Global Internet Population Grows an Average of Four Percent YearOverYear. Nielsen//NetRatings. March 2007 from http://phx.corporateir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=82037&p=irolnewsArticle&ID=538993&highlight=

[15] [RFC4607] H. Holbrook and B. Cain, “Source-Specific Multicast for IP”, Cisco RFC 4607, August 2006.

[16] IPv6 Task Force, U.S. Department of Commerce.” Technical and Economic Assessment of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).” January 2006. from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/ntiageneral/ipv6/final/ipv6final.pdf

[17] Metz, C.; Hagino, J. “ IPv4Mapped Addresses on the Wire Considered Harmful.” International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS), December 2006 .

[18] Professor Peter Kirstein, Dr. Tim Chown “Why a new Internet Protocol?”, UKIPV6 Task Force Journal . (2006).

[19] Pekka Savola. CSC/FUNET, Finland .

” Observations of IPv6 Traffic on a 6to4 Relay. “IJCSA, International Journal of computer science and application. (Sep 2007).

[20] Microsoft, “ Microsoft’s Objectives for IPV6 Tunneling” http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726951.aspx (2007),

[21] [RFC4795] B. Aboba, D. Thaler, L. Esibov, “Link-local Multicast Name

zesolution (LLMNR)”, HongKong Computer Society journal. January 2007.

[22] Raymond A. Plzak, “ARIN Board Advises Internet Community on Migration to IPv6.” International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS). (May 2007)

[23] Jeroen van Nieuwenhuizen ( 2007 ). Setting up IPv6 . Project Phoenix The Legend

M. Rahman, Ph.D, Andrew Schaumberg (2007). Transitioning Networks from IPv4 to IPv6.University Plaza, Platteville, USA .

[24] IANA. “ IPv4 Address Report.” International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS) . (March 2007) from http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html

Watch the video related to expired domain traffic

Help answer the question aboutexpired domain traffic

1. Calling into customer support and waiting on hold for 40 minutes and the hold music is Marilyn Manson!

2. You ask for RoR (Ruby on Rails) and the tech on the phone assures you he can provide that and yells “RWAAAAR”

3. Your hosting company just got bought out by a web hosting company you just transferred away from.

4. They claim to be a member of the BBB but later you find out their BBB is The Birmingham Bizarre Bazaar (quality fetish suppliers).

5. You call in tech support and a gentleman with an Indian accent says “Sir is your computer plugged in?” .. and you’re a woman

6. You sign up for domain privacy and later do a WHOIS and see your credit card information and SS number.  “I was told I would get domain privacy!” “Miss we thought you requested domain piracy” .. and you’re a man.

7. You ask the tech if he has a TOS and he says yes.  You later find out he meant totally offensive smells and your site has been suspended unexpectedly, you have no leg to stand on and the tech’s response is “Oh THAT TOS!”

8. The same tech who told you he has backups on your pre sales call turns out to be a wannabee singer and his “backups” are his 12 year old twin sisters who “doowup” when he busts a move in the bathroom.

9. You ask him how big his file size limit is and he responds “That’s kinda personal.. but what I can tell you is I leave the ladies smiling”.

10. The same tech (let’s call him Hubert since there’s a whole theme happening here) answers yes to your questions regarding shared server offerings.  You later find out that Hubert is a very giving and generous guy and he “shares” your server space, bandwidth allocation and resources with all the clients hosting on the same server as you… along with your personal information and email address!

11. When you ask Hubert how long they have been in business his response of 15 years reassures you that they are a legit and solid company.  When you phone in to challenge this as their whois says 2006 he replies “Ohhhh I thought we were talking DOG years!”

12. When your server goes down right before a big marketing campaign goes out.

13. Calling into support to ask a question and the rep cannot find your account because somehow it got deleted OOPS!

14. Your host asks you to verify your account by repeating your password over the phone.  Every time you say it, you hear a stifled giggle and they say “I’m sorry sir can you please repeat that?”  Your password is IamTheBe$tLOVER

15. Your web host has automated support.  After 23 minutes of keying in your SS number, last 6 digits of your credit card and your domain name (37 characters) you finally speak with a real person who requests the SAME information AGAIN!

16. After cancelling your hosting account you are continually getting billed but now for 2 dedicated servers instead of your $100 a year hosting account.

17. After 36 straight hours of working on your new sites web design and meticulously putting every image in its place you find out that your server crashed and there is no backup. NOOOOOOO!!!

18. Getting a deal on your first year and then having to renew at a more expensive price.

19. You have never been on the internet before and you decide to buy a hosting account and setup an email account through them. Within 20 minutes you already have spam!!!!!

20. Your host experiences power failure and they have no backup generators!

21. When you call your hosting company and ask why your servers went down.  They respond with “No they didn’t.  It must be a propagation issue or something with your ISP”

22. You call support because your site is down and they say “We are going through an upgrade”. That works once but when it happens every week sporadically during the middle of the day and they keep saying “it’s an update to help better serve you” SUUUUCKS!!!!

23. Your hosting company has a problem with spam and the filter is up so high that no mail is getting through but when you are in a meeting and check your mail all there is in your inbox is porn spam and everyone is looking at you like you’re a sicko.

24. Every time you go to your website it’s down but when other people go to it, it’s fine. Sometimes you will sit your friend down at his computer and you at yours and you phone conference each other to see if it comes up and it does for him but not for you. You decide to go to his house and he to yours and see if it’s just your home computer but wherever you go your website will not be displayed. SUCKYVOODOONESS!!!

25. You call your web host support team because something is wrong with your site and they tell you that a widget 2.0 socket 5 cloud storm hit their data center and that’s why a page got deleted.  IDIOT SUCKFEST!!

26. After many attempts of being patient with your web hosting customer support techs inability to fix any problem you get frustrated and a little upset. Later that day you find the following things wrong with your site.

• Your real estate site is unexpectedly not selling real estate anymore. You are selling liquor stores now.
• You just put up a very professional picture of yourself on your site and the next thing you know someone photo shopped your photo with a mustache, a black eye and teeth missing.

27. When you bought your website and domain name through a sales rep at your first hosting company the hosting company used the CEO’s name to register your domain name. Now you want to leave but they own your domain name. TRICKY WEB HOSTY!!!

28. You bought a hosting account through a template hosting agency because you don’t know html and their backend admin area looks cool. After you purchase this you find out that they don’t support their templates!

29. You are talking to smooth salesman Timmy over at a hosting company and he promises you 4 add-on’s, forum management, bulletin management, Free email marketing and a 200 Google adwords credit. After you sign up for their premier account for 5 grand a year you notice that the freebies are not included in your package. You call back for Timmy but no one knows who Timmy is and a “Timmy” has not worked for them EVER!

30. You do not have log files!

31. Your log files are never accurate.

32. You started a lead generation site where people fill out forms for products/servers/newsletters and in return you get there email addresses. Someone decides to give your site a virus and take over your mailing list and your web host cannot do anything about it.

33. Your built in traffic stats never work.

34. Your built in traffic stats are always off.

35. You purchase a large hosting account with a lot of extras but when you need small things done you are nickeled and dimed till you are broke.

36. Your hosting company charges you to park domains.

37. You buy a hosting account with a ton of space but cannot put up multiple sites on it.

38. The only way you can put up multiple sites on your account is via your .htaccess file but you have no freaking clue how to do that and your web host does not support that. GREAT that’s awesome good work!!!!

39. You actually love your hosting company because it’s a smaller no name company but the service is great. You tell all of your 5 friends to join and they do and their servers are overloaded.

40. You sign up for a web host by doing a Google search and after you sign up you call their support line but find out they are a foreign hosting company in Germany and all there support techs speak German.

41. You sign up with your web host but you only get 1 MYSQL database.

42. Your web hosting company is in charge of sending you notification on domain name expiration but you never get yours. Your domain expires.

43. A cyber squatter picked up your domain name and is holding it hostage. You find out it’s the guy from your web hosting companies support team who you previously screamed at and called a stupid moron.

44. You utilize a free web hosting service but they place ads all over your page.

45. Your hosting company has backup servers but they are in the same geographical location so when the power goes off the original servers go down AND the back up’s go down.

46. Your hosting company cannot automate its billing and invoices and its all done by hand.  Sadly, the accounts guy was recently paralyzed in a freak server accident and types by blowing into a straw.

47. Your web host goes “down” for 24 hour periods at a time.

48. Your user control panel consists of 2 options. On and Off!

49. You need redirection for your ASP site and when you call to make sure they can support it the sales-guy happily announces they can but when it comes time to implement it the only advice they can give is to hit the forums where you discover that you just need to edit a couple files.  Files they don’t support.

50. They offer SSH on shared servers and your site is constantly OWNED by 12 year old hackers.

51. They advertise domains for under $2 but when you complete the purchase your charge says $98?

52. You request support and they advise you support costs extra!

53. You request a CPanel them change and they escalate your request to a System Admin!

54. They don’t tell the truth. They claim a lot of services that when you host with them, you find out they don’t offer.  Like bandwidth, they’ll claim to provide x amount of bandwidth, then you find out they have a daily cap for using it and when you multiply the daily cap x 30 or 31, it is about 1/2 the size of the bandwidth they claim to provide monthly.

55. canceling – they’ll claim they let you cancel anytime within the contract, but it turns out you can’t ever get a refund (you have to write a letter in your own blood to prove you are who you say you are, then send it to their office in Nome, Alaska that reads mail only once a year during the famous dog sled race). Of course, when you complain about these points, they point you to their TOS where it spells out the whole Nome and dog sled stuff, although it doesn’t mention the writing the letter in your own blood (the person on the phone just made that up to be funny).

56. When immediately after you sign up with them, they offer this great deal on more space/bandwidth/whatever…but you can’t get it because you are already a customer.

57. EVERYTHING is an extra charge, and you feel like you are getting nickle/dimed to death.

58. You get treated like you just won the “Imbecile of the Year” award. (Even if you do deserve that award, being treated that way is not nice.)

59. They pretend to help but can’t speak English….only geekspeak. And they refuse to repeat or explain any further.

60. They don’t have a community forum!!!

Watch the video related to expired domain traffic

Help answer the question aboutexpired domain traffic

Outsourcing support saves the Web hosting company a lot of money and time. Web hosting companies can focus on selling hosting plans while the outsourced support for the Web host can provide quality support to the customers and manage servers 24/7. The Webhosting company does not need to hire many experts who will check the overall quality of delivery to their existing customers and technical experts for managing/monitoring the server. Top outsourcing companies that provide support for Web hosts have an internal QA team that takes care of the quality.

In Web hosting industry it is critical that the servers are up and running all the time. It is expensive to have technical support staff on a 24/7 basis, add to it the cost of buying the software to help you manage and monitor the servers. Most of the companies that provide outsourced support for hosting companies have a complete setup needed for 24 X 7 support to customers like having 24/7 phone support, managing and monitoring servers and helpdesk support system. These things in mere infrastructure will increase costs of a web host, add to this the time needed to manage this setup and people. Hence outsourcing your hosting support is a smarter way.

Watch the video related to using cpanel

This requested by MileyOnline.net My Voice is weird to me. lol

Help answer the question aboutusing cpanel

How to use BlueVoda, make a cPanel account?
I just downloaded bluevoda, and i have no idea how to use it! Please tell me how to make a click able link or a blog.

How to make a cPanel account?

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With CPanel, you will have access to lots of useful stats such as disk usage and space, bandwidth usage and sub domains through cpanel. The current version of CPanel is CPanel 11 or CPanel X, which gives you full control of every aspect of your account. Hosting packages that come with CPanel are a very cost effective solution as they allow you to host multiple web sites under the same account. Another very useful program-Fantastico can be directly managed from the cPanel control panel. Essentially, what Cpanel does is that it condenses the dozens of commands needed to complete one task to a single mouse click. CPanel takes care of tedious and complicated tasks, such as a simple change to the content of your web page, password protecting portions of your web site, or deleting a table in one of your databases. All these can easily be done just by some minor input from the end users. For webmasters that require assistance on web building, certain hosting companies would also provide cPanel control panel that comes with a range of powerful online building tools. Customers can use these tools to create, configure and launch their website.

Other available control panels normally restricts your ability to manage your website to just the basic functions like creating email addresses, managing files and adding sub domain names. Cpanel provides much more than these basic tasks, allowing access to the more advanced functions, such as MIME types, cron jobs, OpenPGP keys, Apache handlers, addon domains, password protected directories and a lot more. For the basic users, CPanel still provide the typical program such as to add or remove email accounts, view website statistics, install different PHP / mySql scripts, get access to your online Web Mail and more. Some other functions of CPanel are to create a POP or default email account, autoresponder, subdomain, custom error pages. Users can also create an MySQL database PHPMyAdmin to manage databases, install FrontPage extensions, redirect a URL, redirect mail change, create an add-on domain, create a FTP account and to password-protect a directory. All these vast array of programs would normally come with tutorials to assist users especially newbies to ensure that using CPanel would be an ease.

In summary, CPanel is an integrated program that combines the requirements of basic to advanced users in one user-friendly interface. It definitely will save you a lot of time and hassle of completing your tasks manually. The best fact is that it is directly linked to Fantastico, enabling users access to a multitude of programs that are extremely useful for managing websites.

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This tutorial will show you how to install scripts in a click using fantastico tool inside cPanel.

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Help with setting up a homepage, own domain, using Cpanel?
Ok – I'm an artist and graphic person with limited techie skills, trying to set up my first domain. Please don't laugh!
I've designed (on Dreamweaver) and uploaded (to Yahoo Geocities) at least twenty 'free' websites, for myself and others – all basic stuff with text and images, not much more. I know enough HTML to edit the code in minimal ways (colour, resizing, etc.) I also know that the names of the images and how they are referred to in the HTML 'page' have to match up – and I've never had any trouble with the basic Yahoo File Manager. I've successfully linked pages, created buttons, etc. Now: I'm using CPanel. I have put a simple placeholder page called, creatively enough, 'index' for my new site, www (dot) alembyc (dot) com. It has a grand total of THREE images – a background, a banner, and a enter sign. WHY, when I visit my site, does an 'index page' show up listing the files rather than displaying my artsy front page as it was designed?

The need for web hosting arises when you create a website and you want to publish on the World Wide Web. A Web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to provide their own websites accessible via the World Wide Web. There are many companies that offer free Web hosting services. Most free web hosts offer limited services. Many people opt for a reception at their web domain. These paid services can cost as little as a few dollars per month. Depending on the nature of the business and the price the individual pays for Web hosting, domain comes with a certain amount of storage space and bandwidth for each month.

Storage space usually measured in gigabytes determines the amount of information in files you can store on the site. Bandwidth is the amount of data transfer that visitors can reach every month. This number is also measured in gigabytes and must meet or exceed the amount of data each visitor reaches multiplied the number of times visitors to access the site each month. To take care of these things we must study the market and should decide wisely accommodation negotiating face.

In today’s competitive world of electronic commerce, an online store site must be attractive, informative and easy to navigate. Potential customers will not often return to a shop that is dull, a text that is difficult to read, and contains curious or outdated links. Here you will get the valuable assistance of ASP SQL server hosting to make your site more attractive and presentable. The ASP SQL Server hosting providers offer their customers the technological means to maintain personal and business information organized and easily accessible.

Combining asp sql server hosting separates the design element of Web sites function programming. The programmer can concentrate on writing code that provides access to the database application while the designer can concentrate on creating a fantastic site for the client. With SQL Server asp hosting application information on the online store’s web site can be connected to the inventory database. Some applications may warn a visitor of “What’s New” information – elements that were added to the website since the last time the visitor accessed the website. Active Server Pages technology can be used in conjunction with SQL database administration.

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WordPress tutorial on how to install a WordPress blog using Cpanel

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Once uploaded to Cpanel how do you get it to appear?
Hi everyone, I'm trying to teach myself how to use the Cpanel on my website. I want to install a new template. I have worked out how to use an ftp manager and some files get transferred (some have errors but I'll address that another time) My main question is; how do I get the page to appear on the site once uploaded to the public_http or public-php. I've looked at various tutorials but I'm stuck, could someone please explain the process?
Thank you

The cPanel developers also provide a control panel for Web hosts and server administrators, WebHost Manager (WHM), that makes life easier for them, too. Although the present discussion is about cPanel, the fact that the company behind it also does great work on “the other side of the street” should be corroboration of the firm’s know-how. The cPanel software provides customers with powerful tools to perform essential tasks, and does so in a simple, straightforward, quick and dependable way.

For all user levels

Designed from the ground up for website owners, cPanel employs a graphical user interface (GUI) to present a range of options for site maintenance, design and operation. You can upload, manage, download or delete web pages and all supporting files and media, as well as install all the Web-based programs you like, such as blogs, shopping carts, forums and chat rooms. You are also given a robust set of tools for creating and customizing email accounts, and tools to back up data, protect your bandwidth and content from abuse, keep statistics on visitors and use the comprehensive error reporting to fix broken links and other issues.

One major, time-consuming part of your job as a Web site owner/manager is producing, uploading and editing web pages. However, cPanel provides several different options for handling content. You can easily upload, download and manage Web pages with cPanel’s File Manager, or use the Web Disk tool for drag-and-drop simplicity. In addition, you have the “usual suspects” of the file transfer variety available to you – FTP, SFTP and FTPS. You can even create additional FTP accounts, for managers, employees and/or trusted vendors and customers.

Customize with cPanel

By making a few selections in the cPanel interface and responding to a few questions and prompts, you can install and use all the popular Web applications like phpBB forums, osCommerce storefronts and WordPress. The cPanel Backup Wizard makes backing up data a snap, and built-in virus protection enhances your security even further. Security is a major cPanel feature, as it helps you establish password-protected areas, prevent hackers from helping themselves to your bandwidth and automatically ban users whose password is used by another person to enter restricted areas.

The Web traffic information cPanel collects can really help you with your search engine optimization (SEO) efforts. Data can be supplied by three different statistics tools, and comprehensive logs – errors occurring with visitors, tracking of bandwidth, FTP access data – are easily obtained through cPanel, as well. Ease of use is not the only attraction of cPanel, however, as professional Web developers use it, also, for checking a server’s PHP setup, customizing error pages, installing such things as Ruby Gems and determining with great precision (and predictability) how content is presented.

An e-mail monster

One of the most exciting things for new Web site owners is seeing their company name as a domain, and having it on all their e-mail accounts. Even when you get over that first thrill, e-mail is a hugely important part of your business and cPanel knows it. That’s why it supports all the standard mail protocols – IMAP, POP and SMTP – with and without encryption with SSL (Secure Socket Layer).

The cPanel includes a “webmail” tool that enables account holders to access their mail from anywhere, at any time, with an Internet-connected computer and Web browser. Users will find cPanel tools for setting up e-mail forwarding, reducing spam with SpamAssassin and BoxTrapper, filtering e-mails in nearly infinite ways and creating mailing lists.

A champion “no brainer”

The cPanel firm’s experts are continuously revising, refining and expanding the interface for increased functionality, while continuing to maintain cPanel’s simplicity and easy use. This results in an always-evolving, intuitive product that enables and empowers Web owners to develop and maintain sites easily. No more waiting for that additional e-mail account to be set up or a password to be changed. You will be doing these things yourself, and won’t need to contact your hosting provider unless you have a true emergency (very rare). Fact is, cPanel use has reduced host company incoming calls dramatically, since it first increased local control.

A Getting Started Wizard from cPanel can save you a lot of time in initial setup, as it will guide you through a basic account setup and configuration. You can also avail yourself of built-in video tutorials, on-screen help files, step-by-step guides, troubleshooting tips and the cPanel forums (with over half a million posts on every imaginable topic). Finally, if you run a hosting company and want to see if it’s something you should offer your customers, you can try it out by logging into the demo cPanel account at the company’s Web site (www.cpanel.net).

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This short tutorial teache syou how to manage, upload and edit your files using cPanel flemanager utility.

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How to add links from one website to another using Cpanel?

Please note that the features that follow may or may not be in your cPanel. Even though cPanel hosting looks the same, some servers could have same or different features.

cPanel Hosting Features
Mail Allows you to add email addresses, remove email addresses, and manage your email. You also gain web mail access. Which I find is a great feature, which allows me to have Outlook in the office showing me email, which I can also look at email out of the office easily.
Autoresponders cPanel hosting gives you an easy way to set up an autoresponder. Let us say you have a product. You could get people to email an autoresponder email address, and they would receive more information about a particular product.
Cron Jobs cPanel hosting allows you to set up cron jobs easily. A cron job comes useful if you want a page or script to run automatically at certain intervals.
MySql Hosting cPanel hosting generally comes with the ability to have MySql databases. These databases become crucial for any modern website running with a database backend such as WordPress. MySql within your cPanel hosting is very easy to create a database. Almost everything within a cPanel hosting account is point and click.
Website statistics When you buy cPanel hosting, you get access to a variety of ways to view the stats for your website. With cPanel hosting, you can look at the original log files or use Webalizer or Awstats. These are great ways to learn more about the visitors to your website, you can even find out how often Google, Yahoo and other search engines visit your site. Another great feature is to see latest visitors, which shows you who came in last, and where to your website.
Fantastico! And Script Library

This is truly Fantastico! And I think I know why they called this great feature within cPanel as Fantastico. Fantastico allows you to create a lot of different types of websites in a few clicks. If you have ever installed WordPress, then you will know that even with the 5 minutes installation time, you want something simpler. Fantastico contains such products as WordPress, Joomla, Drupal, phpBB and many others.

Fantastico gives you a form, and with only putting in the most minimal of information, you have a brand new site in most cases less than 60 seconds! It is enough to make any web designer from few years back, look in awe.

cPanel hosting comes with many features, and you can be sure that when you choose cPanel hosting, you’re very small needed learning curve can be used with other hosts sporting cPanel hosting. In the past a lot of the smaller web hosting companies opted to use cPanel, now more and more larger hosting companies are offering the benefits of cPanel hosting.

For More Information Please See Our cPanel Demo Cpanel Web Hosting Service Demo Username = x3democ , Password = x3democ

Watch the video related to using cpanel

Do you get a “no function call specified” error when trying to upload files using the JCE Media Manager Plugin? As of the day this movie was made, there is an issue with Flash 10 which makes it necessary to ftp your files directly. This video shows you how. It is relevant for anyone who wants to use the Bluehost ftp function in the Cpanel.

Help answer the question aboutusing cpanel

after installing WordPress using Cpanel and Fantastico, all i see is the parent directory. what gives?
i chose not to install to root directory www.djcharliehood.com and allowed the install to create and install to the directory named "Blog."

But after clicking 'finish install' i am not taken to the wordpress page to log in. If i go to address djcharliehood.com/blog, all i see is the parent directory of files. after scrolling thru, i was able to click on wp-admin folder, and find the log in page (the index file) that lead me to the Wordpress dashboard.

tried to publish a test blog, and view it…..boom takes me back to the parent directory. my viewing of the page after changing my theme doesn't change either.

i watched youtube and seen other create using cpanel and fantastico de luxe and they were immediately taken to the Wordpress dashboard after creation.

Herein you are in the total control of your website as you get access to your very own Cpanel with every Cpanel hosting account. Thus, it truly makes a lot of sense in managing your own website without any hassle. The core idea of this cpanel hosting is that it allows you to manage your domain through a web interface. There is also a feature whereby the transfer of the control and responsibility of managing your web site is made to you and you get to become the sole controller. It is the most advantageous web hosting serviceas you get to manage all aspects of e-mail, backup, files, CGI scripts and FTP. Not only this, cpanel hosting also allow you to take the entire backup of your website, managing cron jobs, protecting web directories, configuring http redirects and custom error pages also configure spam filters, accompanied with the viewing of disk space and allowing you to set up a shopping cart. What more, they all are available on a touch button system. It’s an enhanced servicewhich makes you control your website on your terms teemed with an array of features.

Cpanel also has an add on named as Fantastico through which you can install lot of ready to use free scripts at few clicks of your mouse.

This web-based control panel is comprehensively designed in a three-tier structure which makes web hosting quick and pretty simple. Using cpanel hosting; you will no longer need to go through hundreds of Linux-based commands just to be the admin of your server. It is loaded with every tool you need and now you can stay focused and pay more to your business instead of the server administration.

The official site of cPanel control panel is http://www.cpanel.net

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How to Redirect Your Root to Your WordPress Subdirectory Using Cpanel

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Using cpanel is it possible to manually create email addresses in file manager?
Ok,
I have my site hosted using hostgator.com,
I want to be able to write some code that will create the files necessary to manually create email addresses. I have the unlimited email addresses capability for my site. I know that in cpanel there is the way to add email addresses using the mail button. I want to be able to use file manager to create the files to make a new email address, more of an automated way.
I hope I am as clear as possible for what I want to do. Please ask for more information if needed.

THANK YOU THANK YOU
Does anyone know what is involved with actually creating an email account? Sounds like there might be more work than just adding a few new folders and files to the file manager. I thought maybe that was the case. I just wanted to give my users the option to have email through my site. Plus, I want it to be automated like a typical email site. Is there any way to do this with the options cpanel provides. (Without using the obvious manually adding accounts myself) Thank you so much!!

The first step is deciding the type of web site you want to build and host, such as a blog, simple web site, or one with dynamic coded content (such as PHP). In the first case, blog hosting, the best option would be to use one of the popular free blogging services; such as those offered by Wordpress and Blogger. These blog services offer free services where they provide the hosting and the technology you need to start blogging. Simply sign up for an account and access the provided control panel to start adding your content.

If you intend on building your own site, either a simple HTML site or PHP based site, then you will need to find a free host that allows you to upload your own content via FTP, or with a web based file manager. These types of free hosts are more like regular web hosting services, as they provide you with just the space and features you need to start your own site. You will need to publish your content to your web space, just like you would with any hosting provider.

There are a number of ways to locate a quality free web hosting provider. First and foremost is a simple internet search. Typically those that come up first in the search engine results are those that have stood the test of time, and provide consistent and quality service. The other method is to visit sites like “Free Web Hosts” and “Absolutely Free Hosting” that maintain lists of free hosting services ranked by their quality and features. Generally, the second option is the best as it allows you to review the features of the free web hosts before making a decision.

Typically it is best to avoid a free web host, or any host for that matter, that makes offers and promises that sound unrealistic. If it sounds too good to be true, it usually is, particularly in the hosting business. Some additional things to look for when making your choice are how long the provider has been running, user feedback and reviews for the host, and making sure they have the features needed to run your site. It is best to find a compromise between the host that has all the features you want and one that has been around for a few years. In the free hosting business, host come and go almost daily. It’s safe to assume if a free host has been around more than a year, that they are a safe bet.

One last thing to consider is whether the host offers an upgradeable plan. With any luck, your site will quickly outgrow free hosting and you will need to upgrade. If the host offers an upgradeable plan, then this transition will be easy. Or, if the host offers cPanel, you can quickly move to a new host using the backup tools available.

Good luck choosing your free hosting provider, and with the information provided you are now armed to make the right choice!

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live.pirillo.com – As every night, I opened up the phone lines to 888-pirillo.

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What are the best sites that can get free domain name and free hosting service?
I'm a beginner for web hosting, and now I want to host my own web blog. So would you please suggest a site to get a free domain name and free hosting service.

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There are number of variables that must be considered when hosting a web site and a web hosting tutorial will make sure that you are aware of the major ones.  It is important to know, after all, exactly how the internet works, for a start.  After all, if you don’t  know what the possible causes of a problem are, you could be looking in entirely the wrong place for the solution.  A web hosting tutorial will also make sure that you are aware of the basic expenses associated with your endeavour.  Hosting a web site requires a server, and the licences for server use of software programs are a lot higher than for individual usage.

A good web hosting tutorial will also fill you in on the basic hardware that you will need in order to host a web site properly and you can bet that this will need to be rather more comprehensive than what you need to surf the net.  The web hosting tutorial will tell you about the various options available to you when it comes to servers and the pros and cons of each.  The different solutions vary hugely in terms of cost so it is very handy to know what you need before you go shopping, as it were.

A web hosting tutorial will also tell you what you need to have provided by your internet service provider in order to have the most secure and reliable platform from which to host your web site.  The services provided by different companies can also vary enormously so you need to do your research before going with any particular service provider, otherwise your choice could cost you a lot in terms of lost business further down the line.

A web hosting tutorial will also make you aware of the myriad other considerations that you absolutely must look into and think about when thinking of setting up and running your own web site.  There are so many things to think about and many of them will probably never have occurred to you unless you have prior knowledge and/or experience of web hosting.  This is why a web hosting tutorial is so important – it could really save you some expensive life lessons further down the line, not to mention a lot of time and energy in the setting up process in the first place.  You simply cannot overestimate the importance of a web hosting tutorial in setting up your own web site.

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How to create a custom 404 error page for your website using cPanel.

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how to load css style sheet to cpanel?
I used a Css style sheet to make my website pages from templates. I use cpanel to host my site. I uploaded my pages, pics, etc. to the public area of my file manager in cpanel. However the css style sheet didnt take. The pages are unformatted. Where do I need to upload my Css style sheet to cpanel so it will effect my pages?

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