Keeping your financial reports and tax filings current is very helpful. Even although there may be nothing wrong with your website, you can scare off bidders with confusing or delaying financial statements. You should assess the market value of your domain name first through a domain appraisal study. Find the market value of a wide range of domain names  like high-value domains, secondary market domains, aftermarket domains, top domains, etc.Be accurate. Accuracy of cash-flow statements is very important to serious bidders who demand a high level of comfort. It may pay off to invest in audited financial statements.Although it makes sense to sell during a hot market, you should pay attention to what’s going on within your market niche. Unless you are prepared to accept a rock-bottom price don’t try to sell during a significant downturn.

Always keep things simple. Eliminate complications before you try to sell websites. Look at your website the way a stranger would, anything unusual is bad news when it comes over to sell website. Lets say you have mixed the revenue from several websites together. Make sure to separate them unless you intend to sell all of them together.When operating in a highly competitive market, the buyer may insist you sign a non-compete agreement. If you’re not prepared to sign one, your website most likely won’t sell.Be realistic with the price of your website. Only in the rarest of occasions do companies sell for a price that is as high as six times pre-tax earnings. Unless you’re prepared for your financial status to be examined under a microscope you don’t want to sell websites for more than that.

If you plan to display you site on sites facilitating domain sales, be sure to make your site attractive enough to invite a number of potential buyers. In order to maximize the chance of sales, your site must have relevant information.

It’s good to offer multiple domain name for a wholesale rate. Website buyers are always looking for low prices. In the changing domain name market, prices can go up as time changes. You never want to display current prices for your sites, but give an option to request price. Another selling technique is to offer domain names that have a longer registration period. These domains invite more customers because buyers are always on the lookout to reduce their risk from losing names through accidental expiration.

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Help answer the question aboutexpired domain traffic

Optimize the images in your website 

It is well known fact that loading time of any website directly affects the user’s response to a website; viewers hate to wait for long to get the website to be fully loaded.

Images play a vital role on the loading of a website so it’s very important to take optimal size of the image in order to load the webpage faster. Photoshop and similar image editing software include a feature called “Save for the web”. Always use this feature since it will reduce the image size and load time substantially.

Image formats

In order to optimize the images it is very important to choose the right format. There are different formats based on the type and size of the image, which can be used effectively by following these rules:

JPEG: Stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. This format was created for photographs and fine art-work. You should use JPEG images whenever you are displaying a photo or a true-color image. Use a 50% compression rate for optimal results with these images.

GIF: Stands for Graphics Interchange Format. The GIF is most favorable format for internet, mainly because of its small size. GIF is also used for animated images. JPEG images support millions of colors while GIF ones will integrate a maximum of 256 colors. You should use this format for flat-color images like logos, buttons or text images.

PNG: Stands for Portable Network Graphics. This format was specifically made to replace GIF images on the internet. The main advantage of PNG images over GIF ones is that they support 24-bit colors and alpha transparency. That said not all the browsers recognize some of its features. You should use the PNG format for simple images that require more than 256 colors.

Use the height and width tags

When you use images or tables on your pages you should always include the height and width tags. If the browser does not see those tags it will need to figure the size of the image, then load the image and then load the rest of the page. Here is an example of code containing those tags:

<img src=”http://www.himshilp.com/images/himshilp_logo.gif” width=”197″ height=”71″ border=”0″ alt=”" />

When the height and width tags are included the browser will automatically know the size of the image. As a consequence it will be able to hold a place for the image and load the rest of the page contemporaneously. Apart from the improvement on the load time of the page this method is also more user friendly since the visitor can start reading the text or other information while the image is being downloaded.

Don’t scale images in HTML

Don’t use a bigger image than you need just because you can set the width and height in HTML. If you need
<img width=”100″ height=”100″ src=”banner.jpg” alt=”banner” />
then your image (banner.jpg) should be 100×100px rather than a scaled down 500×500px image.

Reduce cookie size

HTTP cookies are used for a variety of reasons such as authentication and personalization. Information about cookies is exchanged in the HTTP headers between web servers and browsers. It’s important to

• Keep the size of cookies as low as possible to minimize the impact on the user’s response time.
• Eliminate unnecessary cookies
• Be mindful of setting cookies at the appropriate domain level so other sub-domains are not affected
• Set an Expires date appropriately. An earlier Expires date or none removes the cookie sooner, improving the user response time.

Flush the Buffer early

When users request a page, it can take anywhere from 200 to 500ms for the backend server to stitch together the HTML page. During this time, the browser is idle as it waits for the data to arrive. In PHP you have the function flush(). It allows you to send your partially ready HTML response to the browser so that the browser can start fetching components while your backend is busy with the rest of the HTML page. The benefit is mainly seen on busy backends or light frontends.

A good place to consider flushing is right after the HEAD because the HTML for the head is usually easier to produce and it allows you to include any CSS and JavaScript files for the browser to start fetching in parallel while the backend is still processing.

Remove duplicate java scripts

Duplicate scripts hurt performance by creating unnecessary HTTP requests and wasted JavaScript execution.

In addition to generating wasteful HTTP requests, time is wasted evaluating the script multiple times.

One way to avoid accidentally including the same script twice is to implement a script management module in your templating system. The typical way to include a script is to use the SCRIPT tag in your HTML page.

      <script src=”menu_1.0.18.js”></script>

An alternative in PHP would be to create a function called insertScript.

      <?php insertScript(“menu.js”) ?>

In addition to preventing the same script from being inserted multiple times, this function could handle other issues with scripts, such as dependency checking and adding version numbers to script filenames to support far future Expires headers

Put Stylesheets at the Top

Moving stylesheets to the document HEAD makes pages appear to be loading faster. This is because putting stylesheets in the HEAD allows the page to render progressively.

This is especially important for pages with a lot of content and for users on slower Internet connections. The importance of giving users visual feedback, such as progress indicators, has been well researched and documented. In our case the HTML page is the progress indicator! When the browser loads the page progressively the header, the navigation bar, the logo at the top, etc. all serve as visual feedback for the user who is waiting for the page. This improves the overall user experience.

The problem with putting stylesheets near the bottom of the document is that it prohibits progressive rendering in many browsers, including Internet Explorer. These browsers block rendering to avoid having to redraw elements of the page if their styles change. The user is stuck viewing a blank white page.

Put Scripts at the Bottom

The problem caused by scripts is that they block parallel downloads. If you serve your images from multiple hostnames, you can get more than two downloads to occur in parallel. While a script is downloading, however, the browser won’t start any other downloads, even on different hostnames.

In some situations it’s not easy to move scripts to the bottom. If, for example, the script uses [removed] to insert part of the page’s content, it can’t be moved lower in the page. There might also be scoping issues. In many cases, there are ways to workaround these situations.

Flush the Buffer Early

When users request a page, it can take anywhere from 200 to 500ms for the backend server to stitch together the HTML page. During this time, the browser is idle as it waits for the data to arrive. In PHP you have the function flush(). It allows you to send your partially ready HTML response to the browser so that the browser can start fetching components while your backend is busy with the rest of the HTML page. The benefit is mainly seen on busy backends or light frontends.

A good place to consider flushing is right after the HEAD because the HTML for the head is usually easier to produce and it allows you to include any CSS and JavaScript files for the browser to start fetching in parallel while the backend is still processing.

Example:

      … <!– css, js –>  

   </head>

    <?php flush(); ?>

     <body>

… <!– content –>

Make favicon.ico small and cacheable

The favicon.ico is an image that stays in the root of your server. It’s a necessary evil the browser will always request it, even if you don’t care about it, so make sure that this  file is always present in the server. This image also interferes with the download sequence, so if you are using a favicon in your website make sure that it’s small, preferably under 1K.

Optimizing CSS

Cascading Style Sheets(CSS) make websites much more structured because they allow the browsers to cache style-related information from the .css file directly, eliminating the need to read that information every time a single page is loaded. Even if Style Sheets are naturally more efficient than HTML tables you can still optimize the CSS code to make your website cleaner and faster. Remove whitespaces as and when possible. Avoid repetition of the code wherever possible to make your style-sheets lighter. Use Shorthand Properties, Take Advantage of Your Inheritance, Use Grouping, Cut the Comments, Apply Styles Wisely.

Use a slash to display a directory

When a server opens a link in the form of “http://www.himshilp.com/seo-articles” it will need to figure what kind of file or webpage is contained on that address, wasting time on the process. If instead of using that link you include a slash (”/”) at the end like “http://www.himshilp.com/seo-articles/” the web server will already know that the link points to a directory, reducing the time to load the page.

Reduce the HTTP Requests

When a user is opening your website every object on the page (e.g. images or scripts) will require a visit to the server. Those HTTP requests will delay the response time of your site, and if you are loading number of objects this delay can add up to several seconds.

By reducing the number of objects on your website, we can reduce the delay from HTTP requests. Delete unnecessary images, headers, styling features and the like. If possible you can also combine 2 or more adjacent images into a single one.

Secondly make sure that your requests for external files or scripts are combined in a single location.

Add an Expires or a Cache-Control Header

We should refer the following as a rule:

• For static components: implement “Never expire” policy by setting far future Expires header.
• For dynamic components: use an appropriate Cache-Control header to help the browser with conditional requests .

Web page designs are getting richer and richer, which means more scripts, stylesheets, images, and Flash in the page. A first-time visitor to your page may have to make several HTTP requests, but by using the Expires header you make those components cacheable. This avoids unnecessary HTTP requests on subsequent page views. Expires headers are most often used with images, but they should be used on all components including scripts, stylesheets, and Flash components.

Avoid too many banner ads

Don’t waste your valuable website real estate on flashing banner ads, as they are most of the time ignored by the visitors, and they make your webpage heavy to be loaded. Provide more valuable content instead. Then mix in some relevant affiliate links within your website’s body content, this helps your website visitors feel that they want to buy instead of feeling like they are being pushed into buying.

Avoid background music

If you really want your visitors to remain long on your web site, reading your content, the very least you should do is ensure that they aren’t put off by annoying background music looping on your website. Not only this type of music will bother the visitor but delay your webpage’s loading time. If you really feel you must use background music at least make sure visitors have some control over it – give them the option of volume or muting controls at the very least.

Minify Javascript and CSS

Minification is the practice of removing unnecessary characters from code to reduce its size thereby improving load times. When code is minified all comments are removed, as well as unneeded white space characters (space, newline, and tab). In the case of JavaScript, this improves response time performance because the size of the downloaded file is reduced. Two popular tools for minifying JavaScript code are JSMin and YUI Compressor. The YUI compressor can also minify CSS.

Obfuscation is an alternative optimization that can be applied to source code. It’s more complex than minification and thus more likely to generate bugs as a result of the obfuscation step itself.

Avoid redirects

Redirects slow down the user experience. Inserting a redirect between the user and the HTML document delays everything in the page since nothing in the page can be rendered and no components can start being downloaded until the HTML document has arrived.

Webserver Log Analysis:

The logs that your webserver keep are an open book to teach where and when errors occur. The most important part in the logs are the 404 and 500 errors that represent a missing page. It means that a visitor or a web crawler requested that page and it’s missing. This again does not have so much of an effect when it comes to speed but it’s a good idea to try and repair the bottlenecks at least for the sake of user experience. Almost any web hosting provider offer a log analizer such as awstats

Surely there can be many other methods also like avoid using flash as much as possible because, usually, flash loads harder due to their sizes. Remove the HTML comments from your pages, because comments can slow your website down. Big or small, comments have something to say when it comes to page size. Actually you should remove everything from your website which you don’t really require. Avoid nested tables, it effects browser’s reading time. Avoid full page tables for fast rendering. The browser won’t show anything until it’s read the whole thing that way. For a faster loading webpage, either use multiple tables (not nested) or put some content above the main table to make your content in the first table show up faster. In this way you can provide something to read to your visitors while the rest of your page loads.

I think by reading this article you must have got a nice idea of restructuring your website in a way so that it takes less time to get displayed and in turn it will also increase the traffic to your website, which is truly essential in today’s age.

Watch the video related to expired domain traffic

Help answer the question aboutexpired domain traffic

Although the Internet Protocol IPv4 was giving efficient service over than 20 years ,

but the new Internet Protocol IPv6 provides higher efficiency like having enough

level of IPs, stronger security and mobility. In fact it is good to evaluate the performance benefits that we can get from IPv6 protocol in compare to the IPv4 protocol. We can upgrade the existing IPv4 infrastructure to the next generation Internet Protocol(IPv6) and get its advantages using the transition mechanisms.

When IPv4 was designed most of networks had just few nodes, low bandwidth, high latency, and high error rates. Most common applications at that time were FTP,e-mail, and so on.In the early 1990’s, the computer industry expanded with coming the personal computers (PCs) to the market. The internet also developed and electronic businesses or e-commerce started. The market demand was the biggest factor in the Internet’s revolution. As the fast grow of the Internet was detected in the early 1990’s, it was

showing that the IPv4 address space would be finish by the end of the century. In this

regard, some mechanisms such as Network Address Translator (NAT) have extended the life of IPv4, but it was not a logical solution.Today, the market looks completely different than it was in the 1980’s. Although FTP, and e- mail are still very popular today but new applications such as video conferencing, Voice-over-IP, E-Commerce, Mobiles, and etc , have led the Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF) to seek a new Internet Protocol, that we call it IPv6.

IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible protocols. For this reason, transition to the new protocol cannot be expected to be painless, and will involve significant costs for service providers and customers alike. If we compare the costs of transition with the non-transition mode or using IPv4 with supporting new services, then it can help us identify the best time to start the transition process .Whenever transition begins there will be no single “flag day” on which the all-IPv4 network turns into an IPv6 network. At the Internet level, transition will be a lengthy

process, with the two protocols existing side by side for many years to come. To facilitate transition, the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has set up a work group called ngtrans (Next Generation TRANSition) which specifies mechanisms for supporting interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6. In particular, the group has focused on two major problems:

•How to make IPv6 terminals communicate with IPv4 terminals.

•How to transport IPv6 over an IPv4 network so that IPv6 “islands” interconnected via the IPv4-based Internet can communicate.

This second problem, which is extremely important in the initial stage of IPv6

deployment, will be joined in the future by the reciprocal problem: how to transport

IPv4 over IPv6. However; discussion of this issue have been postponed until the presence of IPv6 reaches to a significant point on the Internet.

Work on these problems has led to the development of a set of transition mechanisms, each targeted to a particular range of uses and applications.

Section 2: IP Overview

Internet protocol is the set of techniques used by many hosts for transmitting data over

the Internet. The current version of the Internet protocol is IPv4, which provides a 32-bit address system.

Internet protocol is a “best effort” system, meaning that no packet of information sent

over it is assured to reach its destination in the same condition it was sent. Often other

protocols are used in tandem with the Internet protocol for data that for one reason or

another must have extremely high fidelity.

Every device connected to a network, be it a local area network (LAN) or the Internet,

is given an Internet protocol number. This address is used to identify the device uniquely among all other devices connected to the extended network.

2.1 : Features of IP

IP is a connectionless protocol. This means that it has no concept of a job or a session.

Each packet is treated as an entity in itself. IP is rather like a postal worker sorting

letters. He is not concerned with whether a packet is one of a batch. He simply routes

packets, one at a time, to the next location on the delivery route.

IP is also unconcerned with whether a packet reaches its eventual destination, or

whether packets arrive in the original order. There is no information in a packet to

identify it as part of a sequence or as belonging to a particular job. Consequently, IP

cannot tell if packets were lost or whether they were received out of order. IP is an

unreliable protocol. Any mechanisms for ensuring that data sent arrives correct and intact are provided by the higher- level protocols in the suite.

2.2 : IP Routing

So how does an IP packet addressed to a computer on the other side of the world find

its way to its destination? The basic mechanism is very simple.

On a LAN, every host sees every packet that is sent by every other host on that LAN.

Normally, it will only do something with that packet if it is addressed to itself, or if

the destination is a broadcast address.

A router is different. A router examines every packet, and compares the destination

address with a table of addresses that it holds in memory. If it finds an exact match, it

forwards the packet to an address associated with that entry in the table. This

associated address may be the address of another network in a point- to- point link, or

it may be the address of the next-hop router.

If the router doesn’t find a match, it runs through the table again, this time looking for

a match on just the network ID part of the address. Again, if a match is found, the

packet is sent on to the address associated with that entry.

If a match still isn’t found, the router looks to see if a default next- hop address is

present. If so, the packet is sent there. If no default address is present, the router sends

an ICMP “host unreachable” or “network unreachable” message back to the sender. If

you see this message, it usually indicates a router failure at some point in the

network.

The difficult part of a router’s job is not how it routes packets, but how it builds up its

table. In the simplest case, the router table is static: it is read in from a file at start- up.

This is adequate for simple networks. You don’t even need a dedicated piece of kit for

this, because routing functionality is built into IP.

Dynamic routing is more complicated. A router builds up its table by broadcasting

ICMP router solicitation messages, to which other routers respond. Routing protocols

are used to discover the shortest path to a location. Routes are updated periodically in

response to traffic conditions and availability of a route. However, the details of how

this all works is beyond the scope of this report.

2.3 : Future of the Internet

As we can see the Internet will have a serious problem in a few years. Due to its

amazing growth and the limitations in its design and facilities , there will be a

problem when no more free addresses are available for connecting to new hosts or

assigning to a new device. At that point, no more new web servers can be set up, no

more users can sign up for accounts at ISPs, and no more new machines can be set up to access the web or join in online games.

Several solutions have been made to solve the problem. A very popular approach is to

not assign a worldwide unique address to every user’s machine, but rather to assign

them “private” addresses, and hide several machines behind one official, globally

unique address. This technique is called “Network Address Translation” or NAT. It

has problems, as the machines hidden behind the global address can’t be addressed,

and as a result of this, opening connections to them which are used in online gaming,

peer-to-peer networking, and etc, is not possible.

A different approach to the problem of Internet addresses getting scarce is to discard

the old Internet protocol with its limited addressing capabilities, and use a new

protocol that does not have these limitations. The protocol or actually, a set of

protocols used by machines connected to form today’s Internet is known as the

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol, Internet Protocol), and version 4 currently in

use has all the problems described above.

Switching to a different protocol version that does not have these problems of course

requires for a new version to be available. And actually, there is a better version.

Version 6 of the Internet Protocol (IPv6) provides future inquiries on address space,

and also addresses other features such as privacy, encryption, and better support of

mobile computing as well.

Assuming a basic understanding of how today’s IPv4 works, this report is intended

as an introduction to the IPv6 protocol. The changes in address formats and name

resolution are covered. After that, it is shown how to use IPv6 by using a simple-yet-

efficient transition mechanism called 6to4.

Section 3 : IPv6 vs IPV4

When telling people to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6, the question you usually hear is “Why?”.

There are actually a few good reasons to move to the new version:

• Bigger address space

• Support for mobile devices

• Built-in security

3.1 : Bigger address space

The bigger address space IPv6 offers is the most obvious enhancement it has over

IPv4. While today’s Internet architecture is based on 32-bit wide addresses, the new

version has 128-bit technology available for addressing. Base on the enlarged address

space, workarounds like NAT don’t have to be used anymore. This allows full, unconstrained IP connectivity for today’s IP-based machines as well as upcoming mobile devices like PDAs and cell phones all will benefit from full IP access through GPRS and UMTS.

3.2 : Mobility

When mentioning mobile devices and IP, it’s important to note that a special protocol

is needed to support mobility, and implementing this protocol that is called “Mobile

IP” is one of the requirements for every IPv6 stack. Thus, if we have IPv6 going, we

have support for roaming between different networks, with global notification when

we leave one network and enter the other one. Support for roaming is possible with

IPv4 too, but there are a number of hoops that need to be jumped in order to get things

working. With IPv6, there’s no need for this, as support for mobility was one of the

design requirements for IPv6.

3.3 : Security

Besides support for mobility, security was another requirement for the successor to

today’s Internet Protocol version. As a result, IPv6 protocol stacks are required to

include IPsec. IPsec allows authentication, encryption, and compression of IP traffic.

Except for application-level protocols like SSL or SSH, all IP traffic between two

nodes can be handled without adjusting any applications. The benefit of this is that all

applications on a machine can benefit from encryption and authentication, and that

policies can be set on a per-host (or even per-network) basis, not per application/service.

Section 4 : IPV6 Addressing

The IPV6 Addressing properties is presented in this section.

4.1: Multiple addresses

In IPv4, a host usually has one IP number per network interface or even per machine

if the IP stack supports it. Only very rare applications like web servers result in

machines having more than one IP number.

In IPv6, this is different. For each interface, there is not only a globally unique IP

address, but there are two other addresses that are of interest: The link-local address,

and the site-local address. The link-local address has a prefix of fe80::/64, and the

host bits are built from the interface’s EUI64 address. The link-local address is used

for contacting hosts and routers on the same network only, the addresses are not

visible or reachable from different subnets. If desired, there’s the choice of either

using global addresses as assigned by a provider, or using site-local addresses.[16]

Site-local addresses are assigned the network address fec0::/10, and subnets and hosts

can be addressed just as for provider-assigned networks. The only difference is that

the addresses will not be visible to outside machines, as these are on a different

network, and their site-local addresses are in a different physical net. As with the 10/8

network in IPv4, site-local addresses can be used, but don’t have to be. For IPv6, it’s

most common to have hosts assigned a local link and a global IP address. Site-local

addresses are rather uncommon today, and is no substitute for globally unique

adresses if global connectivity is required.

4.2 : Multicasting

In IP land, there are three ways to talk to a host: unicast, broadcast, and multicast. The

most common way to talk to a host is by talking to it directly using its unicast address.

In IPv4, the unicast address is the “normal” IP address assigned to a single host, with

all address bits assigned. The broadcast address used to address all hosts in the same

IP subnet has the network bits set to the network address, and all host bits set to “1″

which can be easily done using the netmask and some bit operations. Multicast addresses are used to reach a number of hosts in the same multicast group, which can be machines spread across the Internet. Machines must join multicast groups

explicitly to participate, and there are special IPv4 numbers used for multicast addresses, allocated from the 224/8 subnet. Multicast isn’t used very much in IPv4, and only few applications use it.In IPv6, unicast addresses are used the same as in IPv4, no surprise there all the

network and host bits are assigned to identify the target network and machine.

Broadcasts are no longer available in IPv6 in the way they were in IPv4, this is where multicasting comes into play. Addresses in the ff::/8 network are reserved for multicast applications, and there are two special multicast addresses that supersede the broadcast addresses from IPv4. One is the “all routers” multicast address, the others is for “all hosts”.

The details about IPv6 are in general the way they were proposed in the RFCs by IETF, however we chose to use Microsoft Windows 2003 as the platform to implement the tests. Due to their early stages of development, the IPv6 protocol stack in Windows 2003 still has many problems, such as fragmentation issues, no support

for IPSec, a native security feature, etc…

Microsoft has two different implementations of an IPv6 stack both for Windows NT 5.0 and Windows 2003. The older stack, known as the “Microsoft Research IPv6 Release 1.4”, works under both NT 4.0 and Win2K; the newer stack, known as the

“Microsoft IPv6 Technology Preview for Windows 2003” works under Windows 2003. Both stacks require an existing IPv4 stack to be previously installed.

Once installed, besides giving the Windows environment the support for IPv6, it

creates a whole new set of routines, such as “ping6”, “tracert6”, which are similar in

function to “ping” and “tracert”, but work with the new IPv6 stack. The good part about the IPv6 implementation that Microsoft created is that they embedded the IPv6 socket creation in the Winsock2 API. That means that they added a few more functions when you create the sockets, however, the fundamentals remained the same,

and thus a programmer that can make an IPv4 application can most likely learn how

to make a simple IPv6 application as well.

Internet Protocol version 6 is designed as an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet

Protocol (IPv4) and will, in fact, coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv6 is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts connected and the total amount of data traffic transmitted; it will have a 128 bit address looking like FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF, and it will support up to

340,282,366,920938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456unique addresses.in Table1 we can see the advantages of IPV6 versus IPV4 .

The IPv6 header is always present and is a fixed size of 40 bytes. The fields in the

IPv6 header are described briefly below.

The fields in the IPv6 header are:

Version – 4 bits are used to indicate the version of IP and is set to 6.

Traffic Class – Indicates the class or priority of the IPv6 packet. The size of this field

is 8 bits.The Traffic Class field provides similar functionality to the IPv4 Type of

Service field.

Flow Label – Indicates that this packet belongs to a specific sequence of packets

between a source and destination, requiring special handling by intermediate IPv6

routers. The size of this field is 20 bits. The Flow Label is used for non-default quality

of service connections, such as those needed by real- time data (voice and video). For

default router handling, the Flow Label is set to 0. There can be multiple flows between a source and destination, as distinguished by separate non-zero Flow Labels.Payload Length – Indicates the length of the IP payload. The size of this field is 16 bits. The Payload Length field includes the extension headers and the upper layer PDU. With 16 bits, an IPv6 payload of up to 65,535 bytes can be indicated. For payload lengths greater than 65,535 bytes, the Payload Length field is set to 0 and the Jumbo Payload option is used in the Hop-by-Hop Options extension header.

Next Header – Indicates either the first extension header (if present) or the protocol

in the upper layer PDU (such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6). The size of this field is 8

bits. When indicating an upper layer protocol above the Internet layer, the same

values used in the IPv4 Protocol field are used here.

Extension Header – Zero or more extension headers can be present and are of

varying lengths. A Next Header field in the IPv6 header indicates the next extension

header.Within each extension header is another Next Header field that indicates the

next extension header. The last extension header indicates the upper layer protocol

(such as TCP, UDP, or ICMPv6) contained within the upper layer protocol data unit.

The IPv6 header and extension headers replace the existing IPv4 IP header with options. The new extension header format allows IPv6 to be augmented to support future needs and capabilities. Unlike options in the IPv4 header, IPv6 extension headers have no maximum size and can expand to accommodate all the extension data

needed for IPv6 communication.

Hop Limit – Indicates the maximum number of links over which the IPv6 packet can

travel before being discarded. The size of this field is 8 bits. The Hop Limit is similar

to the IPv4 TTL field except that there is no historical relation to the amount of time

(in seconds) that the packet is queued at the router. When the Hop Limit equals 0, the

packet is discarded and an ICMP Time Expired message is sent to the source address.

Source Address –Stores the IPv6 address of the originating host. The size is 128 bits.

Destination Address – Stores the IPv6 address of the current destination host. The

size of this field is 128 bits. In most cases the Destination Address is set to the final

destination address.

However, if a Routing extension header is present, the Destination Address might be

set to the next router interface in the source route list.

Section 5 : Transition Mechanisms

As IPv6 is finally beginning to mature, it is evident that methods of upgrading the

Internet need to be found. One idea would be to turn off the entire Internet at 12 pm,

upgrade the network infrastructure include routers, protocol stacks, …and turn the

Internet back on at 6 am and hope everything works fine and correct.

This is unrealistic due to the fact that it would cost more money than it is imaginable,

the time would be way too short, and nothing ever works as good as it is in theory.

More gradual transition methods have evolved, ones which are likely to happen over

the course of 10 years or so. Some of the transition mechanisms are:

Dual Stack

SIIT – Stateless IP/ ICMP Translator

AIIH – Assignment of IPv4 Global Addresses to IPv6 Hosts

NAT – Protocol Translator – has scaling and DNS issues, and has single point of failure disadvantage

Tunnel Broker – dynamically gain access to tunnel servers, but has authentication and scaling issues;

6-to-4 Mechanism – dynamic stateless tunnels over IPv4 infrastructure to connect 6-to-4 domains

IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling – Allows existing infrastructure to be utilized via manually configured tunnels

o Host-Host Tunneling

o Router-Router Tunneling

o Host-Router and vice versa Tunneling

5.1 : Dual Stack:

The basic approach for permitting all communications is the so-called dual stack IP,

where each new host, server, router or other item of equipment dealing with the IP level can support both protocols. In this way, communication between IPv6 terminals

takes place directly, while an IPv4/IPv6 terminal which must communicate with an IPv4-only terminal can do so in IPv4. This approach is not particularly burdensome for hosts and servers, as it is a software upgrade which has no significant impact on the system. Nevertheless, the main drawback of this approach is the need to maintain

a multi-protocol network with a double routing infrastructure, which increases administrators’ work load. In addition, generalized use of the dual stack IP model will not be possible when address space exhaustion reaches the point that new IPv4 addresses can no longer be assigned.

To overcome these problems, several solutions for interoperation between IPv6-only networks and IPv4-only networks have been specified which permit end-to-end communication between heterogeneous terminals:

•Dual stack IP ALG devices which make it possible to perform protocol translation at the borders between non-homogeneous networks through the use of application proxies implemented on dual stack servers.

•NAT-PT (Network Address Translator – Protocol Translator) devices, which make it possible to perform address and protocol translation at the borders between non-homogeneous networks at IP level.

•The Dual Stack Transition Mechanism, or DSTM, which proposes to use the dual stack IP approach on the basis of IPv4 addresses assigned dynamically only when needed, and the use of IPv4 over IPv6 tunneling in order to cross the local IPv6 network before accessing the outer IPv4 network.

Though these transition mechanisms have the same shortcomings as the similar mechanisms proposed for interconnecting separate IPv4 networks, they provide a significant advantage for the future. Thus, while the mechanisms for IPv4 are final,and can no longer be done without, those for the transition towards IPv6 are instrumental in ensuring coexistence between IPv4 and IPv6, which should come to an end once the Internet operates entirely under IPv6.

IPv6 was delivered with migration techniques to cover every conceivable IPv4 upgrade case, but many were ultimately rejected by the technology community, and today we are left with a small set of practical approaches.

Dual stack is involve with running IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time. End nodes and routers/switches run both protocols, and if IPv6 communication is possible that is the preferred protocol.

A common dual-stack migration strategy is to make the transition from the core to the

edge. This involves enabling two TCP/IP protocol stacks on the WAN core routers,then perimeter routers and firewalls, then the server-farm routers and finally the desktop access routers. After the network supports IPv6 and IPv4 protocols, the process will enable dual protocol stacks on the servers and then the edge computer

systems.

Another approach is to use tunnels to carry one protocol inside another. These tunnels

take IPv6 packets and encapsulate them in IPv4 packets to be sent across portions of the network that haven’t yet been upgraded to IPv6.

Other techniques, such as network address translation–protocol translation (NAT-PT)

simply translate IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets. These translation techniques are more

complicated than IPv4 NAT because the protocols have different header formats.Translation techniques were intended to be used as a last resort. Using dual-stack and tunneling techniques is preferable to using NAT-PT.

It will be easier to try to run everything in a dual-stack mode first and then remove the

IPv4 protocol over time. Currently there aren’t many systems being developed for IPv6-only communications, but there are many systems that work in dual-stack mode. Microsoft’s new operating systems, for example, have a dual-layer architecture that makes for seamless operation of either protocol. Therefore, migration plans should maximize the use of dual stack and minimize the amount of tunneling. It should also

be mentioned that running dual stack is not the final state. We can’t forget that full

migration to IPv6 is the final destination.

Dual stack IPV4/IPV6

In the 1990s the network industry used the phrase “Switch where you can, route where you must.” However, over time the performance gap between routing and switching closed. For IPv6 transitions the new moniker will be “Dual stack where you can, tunnel where you must.”

5.2 : IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling:

IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling is one of the easiest transition mechanism by which two IPv6

hosts / networks can be connected with each other while running on existing IPv4 networks through establishing some special routes called tunnels. In this technique, IPv6 packets are encapsulated in IPv4 packets and then are sent over IPv4 networks like ordinary IPv4 packets through tunnels. At the end of tunnel these packets are

decapsulated to the original IPv6 packets.

The following are some important characteristics of tunneling mechanism:

When encapsulating a datagram, the TTL in the inner IP header is decremented by

only one if the tunnel is being done as part of forwarding the datagram; otherwise the

inner header TTL is not changed during encapsulation. If the resulting TTL in the

inner IP header is zero, the datagram is discarded and an ICMP Time Exceeded message is returned to the sender.

Therefore, an encapsulator will not encapsulate a datagram with TTL=0.

Encapsulation of IPv6 in IPv4:

o Utilizes IPv4 routing and properties.

o Loses special IPv6 features.

o Requires a hole in firewall to allow through protocol 41 (IP in IP).

There are two types of tunnels: manual and dynamic. Manually configured IPv6 tunneling requires configuration at both ends of the tunnel, whereas dynamic tunnels are created automatically based on the packet destination address and routing. Dynamic tunneling techniques simplify maintenance compared with statically

configured tunnels, but static tunnels make traffic information available for each

endpoint, providing extra security against injected traffic.

There are, in fact, concerns over the security of tunneling techniques. For example, with dynamic tunnels it isn’t easy to track who is communicating over the transient tunnels, and you don’t know the tunnel destination endpoint. It is a scary proposition when your routers communicate with other nonauthenticated routers. It is also

possible to send forged traffic toward a tunnel endpoint and get traffic spuriously inserted into the tunnel. Tunneling creates situations in which traffic will be encapsulated, and many firewalls won’t inspect the traffic if it is in a tunnel. Allowing IP Protocol 41 (IPv6 encapsulated in IPv4) through an IPv4 firewall is not a best

practice. This is like creating an “IPv6 permit any any all” rule through the firewall.

Tunnels will constantly have to be changed and monitored as your transition progresses. Tunnels will also have to be removed when the IPv6 ocean gets larger and we migrate to full IPv6. Tunnels are, therefore, just a transitional technique, and troubleshooting in an environment full of tunnels will be challenging.

Dynamic tunnel techniques don’t create tunnel interfaces that can be monitored with SNMP. Dynamic tunnel techniques such as 6 to 4 use 2002::/16 addresses, which means you will need to re-address the network twice as part of the transition to IPv6.

Many of the dynamic tunneling techniques are also unable to forward multicast traffic and can’t traverse an IPv4 NAT in the middle of the network.

If a tunnel falls entirely within a routing domain, it will be considered as plain serial

link by interior routing protocol such as RIP or OSPF. But if it lies between two routing domains it needs exterior protocols like BGP etc..

In case of congestion in the tunnel, an ICMP Source Quench message will be issued in order to inform the previous node of the congestion.

In different types of tunneling, only de/encapsulation points are varied depending on

the start and end of tunnels, however the basic idea remains the same.

IPv6 tunneling enables the iSeries server to connect to IPv6 nodes (hosts and routers) across IPv4 domains. Tunneling permits isolated IPv6 nodes or networks to communicate without changing the underlying IPv4 infrastructure. Tunneling allows IPv4 and IPv6 protocols to cooperate, and thereby provides a transitional method of

implementing IPv6 while retaining IPv4 connectivity.

A tunnel consists of two dual-stack (IPv4 and IPv6) nodes on an IPv4 network. These dual-stack nodes are capable of processing both IPv4 and IPv6 communications. One of the dual-stack nodes on the edge of the IPv6 infrastructure inserts an IPv4 header in front of (encapsulates) each IPv6 packet that arrives and sends it as though it were normal IPv4 traffic, through existing links. IPv4 routers continue to forward this traffic. On the other side of the tunnel, another dual-stack node removes the extra IP header from the IPv6 packet (decapsulates) and routes it to the ultimate destination using standard IPv6.

IPv6 tunneling runs over configured tunnel lines, which are virtual lines. Configured tunnel lines provide IPv6 communications to any node with a routable IPv4 address that supports IPv6 tunnels. These nodes may exist anywhere, that is, within the local IPv4 domain or within a remote domain.

Configured tunnel connections are point-to-point.To configure this type of tunnel

line, you must specify the local tunnel endpoint (IPv4 address), such as 124.10.10.150, and the local IPv6 address, such as 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200c:417a. We must also create an IPv6 route to enable traffic to travel through the tunnel. As we create the route, we will define one of the tunnel’s remote endpoints (IPv4

address) as the route’s next hop. We may configure an unlimited number of endpoints

for an unlimited number of tunnels.

5.2.1 : Host-to-Host Tunneling

In host to host tunneling method, encapsulation is done at source host and ecapsulation is done at destination host. So the tunnel is created in between two hosts supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. So in this way encapsulated datagrams are sent through the tunnel over the IPv4 network.

Both hosts having dual stack encapsulate the packets of IPv6 in IPv4 packets and transmit over the network as an IPv4 packet utilizing all the characteristics and routing mechanisms of IPv4. With this transition mechanism, it is possible to support IPv6 simply by upgrading the end hosts protocol stacks to IPv6 while leaving the IPv4

infrastructure unchanged.

5.2.2 : Router-to-Router Tunneling

In router to router tunneling mechanism, encapsulation is done at edge router of

originating host and decapsulation is done in the same way at edge router of destined host. The tunnel is created in between two edge routers supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. Therefore, the end hosts can support native IPv6 protocol stack while the edge routers create the tunnels and handle the encapsulation and decapsulation in order to transmit the packets over the existing IPv4 infrastructure.

The IPv6 datagrams are forwarded from host to edge routers while encapsulation takes place at the router level; similarly at the other end, the reverse process takes place. In this method, both edge routers need to support dual stacks and established a tunnel prior to transmission.

5.2.3 : Host-to-Router Tunneling

In host to router tunneling mechanism, encapsulation is done at originating host and

decapsulation is done in the same way at edge router of destined host and vice versa.

The tunnel is created in between one host and one edge router both of them supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks. So in this way encapsulated datagrams are sent through the tunnel over the existing IPv4 network. The same process can happen the other way around, from one edge router to an end host.

The tunnel is therefore established between the host and the router. In this method one

dual stack supporting router and one dual stack supporting host is required.

5.3 : Overlay Tunnels for IPv6

Overlay tunneling encapsulates IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets for delivery across an

IPv4 infrastructure (a core network or the Internet).By using overlay tunnels, we can

communicate with isolated IPv6 networks without upgrading the IPv4 infrastructure

between them. Overlay tunnels can be configured between border routers or between

a border router and a host; however, both tunnel endpoints must support both the IPv4

and IPv6 protocol stacks as we can see in figure

4 . Cisco IOS IPv6 supports the

following types of overlay tunneling mechanisms:

• Manual

• Generic routing encapsulation (GRE)

• IPv4-compatible

• 6to4

• Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)

Note Overlay tunnels reduce the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of an interface

by 20 octets (assuming the basic IPv4 packet header does not contain optional fields).

A network using overlay tunnels is difficult to troubleshooting. Therefore, overlay tunnels connecting isolated IPv6 networks should not be considered as a final IPv6 network architecture. The use of overlay tunnels should be considered as a transition technique toward a network that supports both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks or just the IPv6 protocol stack .

5.5 : GRE/IPv4 Tunnel Support for IPv6 Traffic

IPv6 traffic can be carried over IPv4 GRE tunnels using the standard GRE tunneling technique that is designed to provide the services necessary to implement any standard point-to-point encapsulation scheme. As in IPv6 manually configured tunnels, GRE tunnels are links between two points, with a separate tunnel for each

link. The tunnels are not tied to a specific passenger or transport protocol, but in this

case carry IPv6 as the passenger protocol with the GRE as the carrier protocol and

IPv4 or IPv6 as the transport protocol.

The primary use of GRE tunnels is for stable connections that require regular secure

communication between two edge routers or between an edge router and an end system. The edge routers and the end systems must be dual-stack implementations.

GRE has a protocol field that identifies the passenger protocol. GRE tunnels allow

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) or IPv6 to be specified as a passenger protocol, which allows both IS-IS and IPv6 traffic to run over the same tunnel. If GRE did not have a protocol field, it would be impossible to distinguish whether the tunnel was carrying IS-IS or IPv6 packets. The GRE protocol field is why

it is desirable that you tunnel IS-IS and IPv6 inside GRE.

5.6 : GRE/CLNS Tunnel Support for IPv4 and IPv6 Packets GRE tunneling of IPv4 and IPv6 packets through CLNS networks enables Cisco CLNS Tunnels (CTunnels) to interoperate with networking equipment from other vendors. The optional GRE services defined in header fields, such as checksums, keys, and sequencing, are not supported. Any packet received requesting such

services will be dropped.

5.7 : Automatic 6to4 Tunnels

An automatic 6to4 tunnel allows isolated IPv6 domains to be connected over an IPv4 network to remote IPv6 networks. The key difference between automatic 6to4 tunnels and manually configured tunnels is that the tunnel is not point-to-point; it is point-to-multipoint. In automatic 6to4 tunnels, routers are not configured in pairs because they treat the IPv4 infrastructure as a virtual nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) link. The

IPv4 address embedded in the IPv6 address is used to find the other end of the automatic tunnel.

An automatic 6to4 tunnel may be configured on a border router in an isolated IPv6 network, which creates a tunnel on a per-packet basis to a border router in another IPv6 network over an IPv4 infrastructure. The tunnel destination is determined by the IPv4 address of the border router extracted from the IPv6 address that starts with the prefix 2002::/16, where the format is 2002:border-router-IPv4-address::/48. Following the embedded IPv4 address are 16 bits that can be used to number networks within the

site. The border router at each end of a 6to4 tunnel must support both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks. 6to4 tunnels are configured between border routers or between a border router and a host.

The simplest deployment scenario for 6to4 tunnels is to interconnect multiple IPv6 sites, each of which has at least one connection to a shared IPv4 network. This IPv4 network could be the global Internet or a corporate backbone. The key requirement is that each site have a globally unique IPv4 address; the Cisco IOS software uses this address to construct a globally unique 6to4/48 IPv6 prefix. As with other tunnel

mechanisms, appropriate entries in a Domain Name System (DNS) that map between hostnames and IP addresses for both IPv4 and IPv6 allow the applications to choose the required address.

5.8 : Automatic IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Tunnels

Automatic IPv4-compatible tunnels use IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses. IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses are IPv6 unicast addresses that have zeros in the high-order 96 bits of the address, and an IPv4 address in the low-order 32 bits. They can be written as 0:0:0:0:0:0:A.B.C.D or ::A.B.C.D, where “A.B.C.D” represents the

embedded IPv4 address.

The tunnel destination is automatically determined by the IPv4 address in the low-

order 32 bits of IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses. The host or router at each end of an IPv4-compatible tunnel must support both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks. IPv4-compatible tunnels can be configured between border-routers or between a border-router and a host. Using IPv4-compatible tunnels is an easy method to create tunnels

for IPv6 over IPv4, but the technique does not scale for large networks.

IPv4-compatible tunnels were initially supported for IPv6, but are being deprecated. Cisco recommends that you use the IPv6 ISATAP tunneling technique.

Section 6 : IPV6 Network potential problems

6.1 : Poor IPv6 Network Performance:

Most applications on dual stack nodes will try IPv6 destinations first by default due

to the Default Address Selection mechanism. If the IPv6 connectivity to those

destinations is poor while the IPv4 connectivity is better , the IPv6 traffic experiences higher latency, lower throughput, or more lost packets than IPv4 traffic, applications will still communicate over IPv6 at the expense of network

performance. There is no information available to applications in this case to advise them to try another destination address. An example of such a situation is a node which obtains IPv4 connectivity natively through an ISP, but whose IPv6 connectivity is obtained through a configured tunnel whose other endpoint is

topologically such that most IPv6 communication is done through triangular IPv4 paths. Operational experience on the 6bone shows that IPv6 RTT’s are poor in such situations. An example of such a network is an enterprise network that has both IPv4 and IPv6 routing within the enterprise and has a firewall configured to allow some IPv4 communication,but no IPv6 ommunication.

6.2 : Security Problems in IPV6 over IPV4:

Enabling IPv6 on a host implies that the services on the host may be open to IPv6 communication. If the service itself is insecure and depends on a security policy enforced somewhere else on the network (such as in a firewall), then there is

potential for new attacks against the service.

A firewall may not be enforcing the same policy for IPv4 as for IPv6 traffic, which could be due to misconfiguration of the firewall. One possibility is that the firewall could have more relaxed policy for IPv6, perhaps by letting all IPv6 packets pass through, or by letting all IPv4 protocol packets pass through. In this scenario, the dual stack hosts within the protected network could be subject to different attacks than for IPv4.Even if a firewall has a stricter policy or identical policy for IPv6 traffic than for

IPv4 (the extreme case being that it drops all IPv6 traffic), IPv6 packets could go through the network untouched if tunneled over a transport layer. This could open the host to direct IPv6 attacks. It should be noted that IPv4 packets can also be tunneled, so this is not a new security concern for IPv6. Firewalls must be

deliberately and properly configured.

A similar problem could exist for virtual private network (VPN) software. A VPN could protect all IPv4 packets but transmit all others onto the local subnet unprotected. At least one widely used VPN behaves this way. This is problematic

on a dual stack host that has IPv6 enabled on its local network. It establishes its VPN link and attempts to communicate with destinations that resolve to both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. The destination address selection mechanism prefers the IPv6 destination so the application sends packets to an IPv6 address. The VPN doesn’t know about IPv6, so instead of protecting the packets and sending them to the

remote end of the VPN, it passes such packets in the clear to the local network.

This is problematic for a number of reasons. The first is that if the node has a default IPv6 route, the packets will be forwarded off-link to an unknown destination.

Another is if no legitimate router is on-link and the node makes the on-link, the packets will simply be sent onto the local link to be potentially viewed by a node spoofing the destination. A third is if a rogue IPv6 router exists on-link. In that case the malicious node will simply be sent all IPv6 packets in the clear.

6.3 : Finding problems in TCP/IP using IPV6:

In this part I want to describe the techniques and tools that we can use to help identify

a problem at successive layers of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) protocol stack that is using an Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Internet layer in Microsoft Windows XP , Windows Server 2003 or Windows Vista.

Depending on the type of problem, we might do one of the following:

-Starting from the bottom of the stack and move up.

-Starting from the top of the stack and move down.

The following sections are organized from the top of the stack and describe how to:

-Verify IPv6 connectivity

-Verify Domain Name System (DNS) name resolution for IPv6 addresses

-Verify IPv6-based TCP connections

We can also use Network Monitor to capture IPv6 traffic Although not specified in the following sections, to troubleshoot many problems with IPv6-based communications. Network Monitor is provided with Microsoft Systems Management Server and as an optional network component with Windows Server 2003. However, to correctly interpret the display of IPv6 packets in Network Monitor, we must have

detailed knowledge of the protocols included in each packet.

7.3.1 : Manage Configuration

To manually configure IPv6 addresses, use the netsh interface ipv6 set address command. In Windows Vista, we can manually configure IPv6 addresses from the properties of the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) component, available from the Network Connections folder. In most cases, we do not need to manually configure

IPv6 addresses because they are automatically assigned for hosts through IPv6 address auto-configuration.

Also to make changes to the configuration of IPv6 interfaces, we use the netsh interface ipv6 set interface command. To add the IPv6 addresses of DNS servers, use the netsh interface ipv6 add dnsserver command.

7.3.2 : Verify Reachability

To verify reachability with a local or remote destination, try the following:

“Check and flush the neighbor cache” . Similar to the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache, the neighbor cache stores recently resolved link-layer addresses. To display the current contents of the neighbor cache, use the netsh interface ipv6 show neighbors command.

Section 7 : Conclusion

There are some of mechanisms for network administrators to transition their networks

from IPv4 to IPv6. The transition technologies I have presented are robust to slowly and incrementally transitioning groups of networks, as well as mixed protocol support of hosts within individual networks.

My recommendation is using tunneling IPV6 over IPV4 as much as possible to Simplify communications between IPv6 hosts.

I recommend first using tunneling to support both IPv4 and IPv6 applications, then slowly transitioning to pure IPV6 infrastructure. I believe this gradual process will support legacy systems until they are totally replaced, and this will ready the intranet for an IPv6 internet by the time of IPv4 address exhaustion.

Microsoft has more software that has no IPv6 support, but alternatives are available and everything still works on IPv4. It will take some time before everything has IPv6 support, until than both IPv6 and IPv4 can coexist together without any problems. Therefore it is advisable to implement IPv6 as much as possible,

because sooner or later the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 has to be made. Important when deciding to implement IPv6 is to plan everything very carefully. Especially when it comes to services it is important to know whether or not the services installed and configured in your situation are capable of handling IPv6.

Internet service providers may wait till there are enough IPv6 applications to deploy IPv6 networks, and application developers may wait for the IPv6 network to be deployed first. It is up to servers and application developers to take

more and more IPv6 into consideration and also all the business sectors to consider migrating to IPv6, and not waiting for others to be the firsts.

Of course, if everyone waits until the last minute, it could end up costing much

more not just to engineer the transition, but in the cost of the disruption to what has become a crucial part of our economic and social infrastructure.

As I wrote a common dual-stack migration strategy is to make the transition from the

core to the edge. This involves enabling two TCP/IP protocol stacks on the WAN core

routers, then perimeter routers and firewalls, then the server-farm routers and finally

the desktop access routers. After the network supports IPv6 and IPv4 protocols, the

process will enable dual protocol stacks on the servers and then the edge computer Systems.

In my opinion it is not difficult to implement IPv6 in an IPv4 environment and if there

are any hesitations left, this report shows that migration can go without difficulties.

The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 will be a larger task for the industry. It will affect nearly all networked applications, end-systems, frastructure systems, and network architectures.

The conversion to IPv6 has no specific timeline.

However, as noted upper, the rate of IPv4 address using is rapidly decreasing.

Section 9 : References

[1] Borella, M.; Grabelsky, D.; Lo, J.; Taniguchi, K. Realm “Specific IP Protocol Specification.” . IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security .http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3103 March 2007

[2] Sawant, A. ” IPv6 Features and Migration from IPv4.” In Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal, January 2004. from www.bechteltelecoms.com/docs/bttj_v2/Article8.pdf

[3] T. Chown.” Considerations for IPv6 Tunneling Solutions.”. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS).April 2004.University of Southampton

[4] China Internet Information Center. “Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China.”. from http://www.cnnic.net.cn/uploadfiles/pdf/2007/2/14/200607.pdf January 2007

[5] S. Daniel Park, “IPv6 Tunnel End-point Automatic Discovery Mechanism”. IJCSNS International Journal .(Sep 2004).

[6] Nevil Brownless, NeTraMet, .” Observations of IPv6 traffic on a 6to4 relay”

IJCSA, International Journal of computer science and application . http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1052821 .(Jan 2005)

[7] Daniele Muscetta , “ Connecting to an IPv6 Tunnel Broker ” . IJCSNS International Journal . (2005)

[8] Wright, A. “ Internet Adoption Slowing But Dependence on It Continues to Grow. “. from http://www.ipsosna.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=3030 March 29, 2006

[9] Barlow, J. “ IPv6 HandsOn “ IJCSA, International Journal of computer science and application . December 2006

[10] Tsirtsis, G.; Srisuresh, P.” Network Address Translation Protocol Translation (NATPT).” In InternetDraft, .Retrieved December 2006 from http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2766

[11] Borella, M.; Montenegro, G. “Address Sharing with EndtoEnd Security. “ In the Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Intelligence at the Network Edge, December 2006 from https://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/ine2000/full_papers/borella/borella_html/rsipusenix.html

[12] Borman, D.; Deering, S.; Hinden, R. “ IPv6 Jumbograms.” . IJCSNS International Journal . December 2006 from http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2675

[13] Carpenter, B.; Moore, K.” Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds.”

International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS) Decemeber 2006 .

[14] Hupprich, L.; Bumatay, M. Global Internet Population Grows an Average of Four Percent YearOverYear. Nielsen//NetRatings. March 2007 from http://phx.corporateir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=82037&p=irolnewsArticle&ID=538993&highlight=

[15] [RFC4607] H. Holbrook and B. Cain, “Source-Specific Multicast for IP”, Cisco RFC 4607, August 2006.

[16] IPv6 Task Force, U.S. Department of Commerce.” Technical and Economic Assessment of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).” January 2006. from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/ntiageneral/ipv6/final/ipv6final.pdf

[17] Metz, C.; Hagino, J. “ IPv4Mapped Addresses on the Wire Considered Harmful.” International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS), December 2006 .

[18] Professor Peter Kirstein, Dr. Tim Chown “Why a new Internet Protocol?”, UKIPV6 Task Force Journal . (2006).

[19] Pekka Savola. CSC/FUNET, Finland .

” Observations of IPv6 Traffic on a 6to4 Relay. “IJCSA, International Journal of computer science and application. (Sep 2007).

[20] Microsoft, “ Microsoft’s Objectives for IPV6 Tunneling” http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726951.aspx (2007),

[21] [RFC4795] B. Aboba, D. Thaler, L. Esibov, “Link-local Multicast Name

zesolution (LLMNR)”, HongKong Computer Society journal. January 2007.

[22] Raymond A. Plzak, “ARIN Board Advises Internet Community on Migration to IPv6.” International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS). (May 2007)

[23] Jeroen van Nieuwenhuizen ( 2007 ). Setting up IPv6 . Project Phoenix The Legend

M. Rahman, Ph.D, Andrew Schaumberg (2007). Transitioning Networks from IPv4 to IPv6.University Plaza, Platteville, USA .

[24] IANA. “ IPv4 Address Report.” International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science (IJFCS) . (March 2007) from http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html

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c) PPC always ensures that the person who visits your site will purchase some products or services.
d) PPC program is also quite useful in turning your web portal as a money making venture; an expired domain based web portal with an inbuilt capability to earn some money could be a potential money-spinner.

Along with the perceived benefits, PPC program also has many disadvantages like:

i) At times, a PPC campaign may go wrong and you may not get the desired results. Developers are still trying to refine and fine tune this technology and there may be improved versions of the system in the coming years.
ii) If you are not careful enough, the advertizing cost may go out of control. Thus, designing a perfect PPC program by selecting the right type of keywords is of paramount importance.
iii) Though, a PPC campaign is a viable exercise to create expired domain fortunes, it may work out to be very expensive, as bidding on important keywords could be an expensive process.
iv) Bidding on a particular keyword could be highly competitive as well

To save money and to conserve your precious monetary resources, you can create a bidding system on a related keyword with no current bid showing on it. You can stay on top of the search by simply monopolizing the traffic, and in such cases, you just need to pay a small amount per click.

Another thoughtful way to set up a good campaign to create expired domain fortunes is to develop meaningful landing pages that can derive highest rate of returns. Landing pages are mandatory for PPC campaign for visitors referred from other targeted click programs. You can also create a series of similar pages that lie within the main site or they can also be smaller or micro sites specifically designed and perfected for a PPC campaign.

The main goal of integrating landing pages is to convert site visitors into a definite sale. However, maintaining and managing landing pages needs both time and money and hard work to wait for the desired results. The best suggestion for you is to manage advertising and landing pages in a perfect synergy, empower and qualify the design aspects, and to urge the site visitor to take some action and create a targeted traffic link.

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domaincash.co.cc http (alternative url) Free Report 1) click on $2442815… Free Report 2) click on Expired Domain Riches Make Money Flipping Domains On The Internet. Work Part Time Or Full Time. Few Starting Capital Required. traffic career developing opportunities developing com gambling url trading forum print url trading fast sedo natural gambling domain siteprint website namecheap print trend afternic club video list deleted wanted domain buying five-figure afternic renewal budget successful domain money business url selling content 4letter passive tricks domain parking generation namepros passive check siteprint thousands expired domain flipping domain five-figure wanted techniques domain parking domaining names traffic software expiring seo traffic paypal domain parking godaddy namepros niche digg records guru income education seo deleted trading acorn basics registration guides url buying domains subject best is to start small. just play around a little. testing everything here and there. then find out what works best.

Help answer the question aboutexpired domain traffic

Is it legal to buy a domain name when it becomes available and to then forward that domain?
I am not sure how this works legally. If someone were to buy a domain after it had expired and the renew period had ended and the original owner had not renewed could a competing business then legally forward traffic to their own site after buying the domain? In this case the domain is the name of the other business.

Now, the big question is how you propose to bring quality traffic to your web domain Expired domain traffic will not just come trickling down to your web domain. To make it happen, you will need to create a solid action plan that aims at making people come visiting your web domain. There are several strategies and techniques that help you add traffic and links to your web domain. Here are some of the proven strategies and methods that empower you to import better quality traffic to your expired domain:

Approach Number 1: Buying an expired domain that already has some amount of traffic and inbound links is a viable option. However, finding such a domain is actually a tough task because of the intensive competition surrounding that domain. To ensure that you are buying a good expired domain, you can request for an expired domain appraisal report from the owner. In many cases, an expired domain name may have little amount of traffic attached to it; under such a scenario, you will need to look and examine closely at the uniqueness and specialty of the domain.

Approach Number 2: This is a roundabout way of developing expired domain traffic that needs some amount of time and money. It is also quite tedious and complicated task to add traffic and links to your expired domain. Domain parking is possibly one of the easiest methods to bring good quality traffic to your expired domain. The most beneficial aspect of this approach is the low cost involved in the exercise. Web portals like Sedo offers cheaper domain parking services that also provide a simple web template to make your prospective visitors to click on the page and lead them to another web site.

Approach Number 3: However, the quality of traffic generated here is quite inferior and many search engines may never rate this type of traffic. To bring high quality expired-domain traffic to your domain, you may also wish to set up a well designed and well conceived web portal. When you promote your web portal in a systematic and organized manner, people will come flocking to visit your web site, by typing the actual URL on the address bar of the web site; this type of traffic is true and real and it is highly organic in its nature. An effective Pay per lead program is another additional and lucrative program that could be a potentially powerful formula to create domain traffic as well as a small amount of income.

Approach Number 4: If you are short of good quality traffic, you can even buy a pack of quality expired domain traffic from a seller. However, you are never sure of the inherent quality of traffic purchased by you. In many cases, it may not even work to your benefit and expectations.

Adding value to your domain by importing high quality expired domain traffic means:

Creating a premium web domain that carries a top of the class commercial rating.
Setting up a well coordinated business opportunity that can provide you lucrative gains.
Learn and understand the insider secrets of using the expired domain traffic to its fullest possible extent.

Watch the video related to expired domain traffic

Great Video on how to find expired / deleting domain names by Kenny Goodman – more info on kennysblog.com

Help answer the question aboutexpired domain traffic

How to get unique traffic to parked domains?
Is there a good company that will send unique traffic to parked domains. Even software, I know some of the ppc companies say they allow expired link traffic /expired domain traffic. I don't need clicks, just unique visitors. Where I get a little confused is in the T.O.S it says that no pop-ups, pop-unders, banners, redirected traffic or links are allowed but traffic from expired links are allowed. I guess expired links are the same as expired names or links the expired names had. But I believe that if traffic from expired links are allowed it would be coming from a link, pop-up, pop-under or banner. So if anyone knows of a service that can send traffic within the guidelines or will be accepted/overlooked, I'm all ears (or eyes)

With the increasing demand of internet and with web hosting services at its peak people look dedicated servers, which they can use to increase the popularity of their web hosting business. With dedicated server in the market, people prefer dedicated servers. As dedicated server is expensive, people are looking out for cheap dedicated server, which will give them access to the server, and people can gain their business. The license to the cheap dedicated server can be obtained from resellers at a very nominal and cheap price.

People who are serious developers would require a dedicated server, as the dedicated servers are capable to run complex scripts. The cheap dedicated server is a shred server which will give you the same functionality and can perform the same complex tasks with ease and comfort. The cheap dedicated servers are capable to run software on any platform and the uptime is very high. The up time of this kind of servers are calculated to be 99.9 per cent, which means that in every 1000 hours you can run your website for 999 hours.

By leasing a cheap data server, you can benefit your organization and can maintain your web hosting services easily as the servers are always at good condition and enhance your speed. The service provider provides you support o the maintenance of the software. Hence, obtaining the lease for a cheap dedicated server is easy ad can be very nominal with huge discount.

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This is a instructional video demonstrating the process of installing WORDPRESS on a hosted website, using CPANEL & fantastico as the installer.

Help answer the question aboutusing cpanel

How do I control my website on a mac if I dont have a program like cpanel?
Hi, I have a mac and I don't know what to do to control a website on it. I know on windows you can use cpanel for the website control panel. I heard that there is built in features for your mac to do everything. I dont know where to find anything out. Also, if a website is setup with cpanel from windows, is it possible to use that site on a mac? Im just very confused with all of this. If anyone has information on this, please explain. Thank You.

If you’re new to web space reselling, or to the act of buying web space, you should seriously consider cashing in on cPanel reseller hosting. For one thing, cPanel licensing is proprietary and done on a per-server basis. This makes the cPanel extremely economical for resellers who need to work on multiple domains.

But even if the end users – read: people who buy reseller web space – are not familiar with the Linux operating system, cPanel accounts enjoy the privilege of being fundamental and easy to learn how to use. For one thing, the cPanel interface is graphics-oriented, and this ensures that even a new webmaster who considers him or herself to be absolutely bereft of “tech savvy” will find it easy to start learning his or her way around.

If you’ll log into a cPanel account, the first thing you’ll notice is how the graphical layout of the cPanel is completely clean and functional. It is in fact quite like using Windows Explorer on “icons” mode, and if you’re familiar enough with Windows Explorer, you are bound to find cPanel’s graphical interface to be a familiar environment. You may not be familiar with the usage just yet, but the icons will certainly be a great help to you in figuring out what to do next.

cPanel is a program that integrates the different features that are available on your web account. Through cPanel you will be able to set up ftp addresses, manage email accounts and domains, and other functions related to your web space. Even as a reseller, you may need to use cPanel in order to manage the accounts that you aim to redistribute. cPanel is an extremely flexible device that can handle even large information loads.

So if you’re looking for a good launchpad for your reseller business, or your webmastering career, look into the accessibility of cPanel reseller hosting accounts. Even if you’re not a “noob” in the line of webmastering or web space resale, you’d still do well to give cPanel a shot. You don’t need to be a complete newbie to appreciate the ease of use that such a web panel program offers.

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How to Install a WordPress Theme or Plugin Using FTP or Cpanel — Part 1 of 2

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HTML email using Cpanel?
I want to send party invitations using my Cpanel application, I would like to know if there is a way to do it. I am not a programmer, but I can learn, if you can provide step-by-step instructions it would be great.

Thanks

This means if one visitor downloads a 4MB Music File, for example, from your website (public_html folder) it will cost you 4MB in bandwidth. So if ten visitors download the 4MB Music File, or one visitor downloads the 4MB Music File ten times, either way it will cost you 40MB of bandwidth in total. However. It is not that simple because each web page viewed also costs bandwidth. For example. If you have a Music Product Web Page that consists of 1MB of Introduction Text and 1MB of Music Pictures it will cost you 2MB of bandwidth each time that Music Product Web Page is viewed (downloaded into one visitor’s web browser, from your public_html folder into their computer). And each time a visitor views (downloads) the 2MB Music Product Web Page and then downloads the 4MB Music File it will cost you, another, 6MB of bandwidth. Times that by ten visitors and it will cost you 60MB of bandwidth in total.

So when choosing a Web Hosting Package you should first calculate how many visitors you expect to visit your website per month (i.e. 1,000). Then you assume each visitor will view every web page at least once. Let’s say you have ten web pages making up your website that use 1MB of bandwidth each. So 10MB of bandwidth usage. That means 1,000 visitors viewing 10 web pages each (using 10MB of bandwidth each), which is the equivalent of 10,000 web pages being viewed (downloaded), would require 10,000MB of bandwidth. Or put another way, 10GB of bandwidth. 1,000MB is approximately equivalent to 1GB. In reality, unless you have a “Downloads” website, each web page should not use up 1MB of bandwidth at all. So you should get more like 1,000 visitors using only 1GB of bandwidth, which is the equivalent of 1 visitor using 1MB of bandwidth to view (download) your whole website. In turn, 5GB (5,000MB) of bandwidth should be able to accommodate approximately 5,000 visitors. Remember. This is based on each visitor viewing your whole website (every single web page). If your average visitor only views five web pages then you will accommodate twice more visitors of course.

So far you have calculated 1MB of bandwidth usage per visitor, per view of your whole website. However. You should be aware that it is not only your visitors who are using your bandwidth.

WHAT / WHO  ELSE  USES  UP  MY  BANDWIDTH?

The Search Engines  Search Engines not only scan your website (public_html folder) looking for words/phrases, email addresses and other information, from within your web pages, in order to list it but they also store (CACHE – pronounced: cash) a copy of your web pages on their server. This is so that the general public can view those cached (stored) web pages when your Web Hosting Provider’s server (computer) is not allowing your website to be viewed, perhaps because you ran out of bandwidth and/or because their server has temporary problems for example.

The CPanel  Your CPanel (Website Control Panel) might not be available to you, depending on the terms & conditions of your web hosting package/provider, if you run out of bandwidth. This is because certain operations you carry out using your CPanel involve bandwidth. Downloading your email, from your web space into Windows Mail or Outlook Express for example. Downloading files using the File Manager control panel or a FTP Account. And so on.

Website Linkers  Websites that make a link to one or more of your web pages will be using your bandwidth indirectly whenever that link is clicked on. For example. If your website is productsandservices.com and you have a web page called products.html, any website linking to your product web page (productsandservices.com/products.html) is inviting its users/visitors to click on that link and therefore directly visit your product web page. This means those users/visitors will be downloading the content (text, images, video, music and so on) of your product web page and more importantly be using your bandwidth. This may seem fine, because you want other websites linking to your web page(s) in order to make your website more well known, but the downside of this is too much traffic (too many websites linking to your web pages, bringing too many visitors who use up your bandwidth).

Too much traffic can become a problem if you have a FREE Video Download link in your product web page for example (i.e. productsandservices.com/video.wmv) that too many websites are recommending and linking to. For example. When you get one visitor clicking on your FREE Video Download link, who originally came from a recommended website link or directly from your own website, that free video (file) download should not use up too much of your bandwidth. Especially if the video (.wmv file) is reasonably small (i.e. 10MB or less – Approximately 5 Mins or less). The problem arises when you get a couple of hundred visitors clicking on your FREE Video Download link. That is when bandwidth becomes your nightmare and enemy.

Curious Visitors  With too much traffic comes too many “Curious Visitors”. These are visitors who are just curious to know “What is your website all about?”, “Who are you?” and “What can your website do for me?”. There is nothing wrong with them, because they are the same visitors who might become “Regular, Buying, Visitors” one day and/or spread Word-Of-Mouth about your website, it is just that while they are curious visitors they remain “Bandwidth Users” or “Bandwidth Guzzlers!!” as well. In fact, they do help to get your ratings up with the Search Engines so they are not all bad!! The only way to effectively get rid of them though, if you are struggling with your bandwidth, is to introduce some sort of membership scheme to your website.

Blogs and Forums  Before someone can view a blog post (article) or forum post (message) in their web browser (i.e. Internet Explorer) the content (i.e. text) of that post has to be downloaded first, from your website (public_html folder) onto their computer. This means some of your bandwidth is used in the download process. As explained at the beginning of this section, this type of bandwidth cost applies to any web page that needs to be viewed and any file that needs to be downloaded.

HOW  TO  DISTRIBUTE  YOUR  BANDWIDTH?

With the above knowledge you should be thinking more about bandwidth distribution. For example. Many people, when they first build a website or have one built, make the mistake of creating their whole website in one go with a mentality/view of When the website is finished it will make me, and my product/service, look Professional and Established. This is great if you can afford the bandwidth associated with the features found on a professional, established, website but not so great if your website only looks professional and established with no features on it due to lack of bandwidth. I am talking about professional features such as Product Demonstration Videos or Video Tutorials that are viewed/downloaded by hundreds of curious visitors whereby you can afford them bandwidth in the hope of making some of them buying visitors; A Helpline that allows your visitors to download helpful .pdf files; And web pages that are full of images, presented in a slideshow, for example. All of which can be bandwidth heavy when you have hundreds of visitors only, never mind thousands of visitors.

So what is a good way to distribute your bandwidth? Answer? One way is to distribute your bandwidth in stages by paying for it in stages. For example. Do not build your website with professional features on it at first, until you know how many people will be visiting your website, therefore saving yourself a certain percentage of bandwidth (both in terms of bandwidth usage and money costs). Or put another way. Why pay for 100% of your bandwidth needs, which includes professional features, when you are only just starting to get traffic (i.e. only 25% of your bandwidth is currently being used because you only have 110 visitors a month to your website). In other words. Do not pay for 20GB of bandwidth now when you only need 5GB of bandwidth now – In the future you might need 20GB of bandwidth, but that is in the future. Many web hosting providers allow you to upgrade your package.

STAGES TO FOLLOW:

Build up your website content with well written articles at first, without any downloads, so that eventually you get other websites (Website Linkers) linking back to your website or well written article web pages. Each time one of their visitors click on their recommended link to your website, or well written article web pages, they will cost you bandwidth. This is because they will be viewing (downloading) the content of your website or web pages. This is a small bandwidth cost to pay though because those visitor’s clicks will be raising your ranking/position with the search engines.

Set up a Google Analytics account in order to analyse your traffic (visitors, web linkers and so on). The bandwidth cost can be a little heavy depending on the frequency that Google Analytics scans your website for information/statistics and the amount of web pages on your website that need indexing (linking) for search engine results.

Do you need a Blog and/or Forum…..straight away? Although these are good for building interaction with your visitors they are bandwidth and web space wasters when they have no visitors. Making a blog and/or forum well known takes time. Usually 3 – 6 months but anywhere up to a year. You do not just copy and paste articles/posts into your blog and/or forum and then they become well known over night. You have to nurture them first by getting to know who your visitors are. So ideally you build a good website first, get visitor numbers up and then use a blog or forum as an advice section of your website for example. Many people make the mistake of thinking a blog is a website – It is not. You cannot do with a blog what you can with a website and vice versa. They are two different formats. The bandwidth cost for a blog or forum depends on how frequently your blog or forum is scanned and indexed by Google Analytics and the search engines for example, as well as how often the general public view it/them. A blog and forum tend to use more bandwidth simply because new posts (articles) are being added to them on a daily/weekly basis that need scanning and indexing.

NEVER  ATTRACT  THE  WRONG  CROWD

One way to get a huge amount of traffic is to advertise your website in various internet directories, internet classified ads, link your website on someone elses website/blog/forum and so on. However. When these methods work but do not bring your website enough traffic there is a tendency to get frustrated, which can lead to desperate measures. Take the following two scenarios for example.

Scenario 1 – Imagine you run a genuine Massage Services website with products on it (i.e. Massage Oils) that is not getting enough traffic. One option to improve your traffic might be to buy into a link-building/link-sharing list whereby you and up to 750 other websites agree to link to each others website in order to improve each others search engine rankings/positions and therefore bring in more traffic and hopefully more paying visitors. Regardless of the bandwidth costs of more traffic, the downside to this idea is that some of the websites in that list could of been blacklisted by the search engines; Making your website association (link) to those other websites a future possibility for the search engines to blacklist your website. And unless you check all of the websites in your list for virus infections, spamming, adult material and so on you might end up linking to some really bad website(s).

Scenario 2 – Sticking with the above genuine Massage Services website with products on it (i.e. Massage Oils). Another option for getting more traffic would be to link to genuine Adult Material websites, with you thinking their visitors might want to buy your products once they visit your website. The downside to this idea though (even if you were lucky enough to get such a link) is that you would get too many visitors, a very expensive bandwidth cost and some visitors visiting your website simply because they hope it will be selling something more than just Massage Oils.

What the above two scenarios are saying is that you should keep your website linked with websites you know are clean (trouble free) and more importantly with genuine websites that are genuinely within the subject matter of your website. It can be frustrating when first building a website but do not compromise your website’s bandwidth, potential credibility and reputation by attracting the wrong audience.

VIDEO  BANDWIDTH

Having Video Tutorials or a Promotional Video for example on a website these days is a great way to promote/sell a product, but it is also the quickest way to run out of bandwidth. One bandwidth cost to consider, which many people tend to forget, is that some people will want/need to download your video(s) more than once. For example. They might be viewing one of your videos when suddenly they lose their internet connection, perhaps because their broadband disconnected naturally or because they ran out of time in their local internet cafe, and therefore want/need to view that video again. However. The next time they decide it would be better/quicker to download the video, onto their Flash Drive for example, so that they can watch it later. This is a typical scenario of why people are forced to download/view your videos again. And it is not because they want to cripple you with bandwidth costs, it is because they want to view your good video(s) – Especially if they have paid for them of course. So be aware of these bandwidth cost scenarios.

Watch the video related to using cpanel file manager

This short tutorial teache syou how to manage, upload and edit your files using cPanel flemanager utility.

Help answer the question aboutusing cpanel file manager

how to load css style sheet to cpanel?
I used a Css style sheet to make my website pages from templates. I use cpanel to host my site. I uploaded my pages, pics, etc. to the public area of my file manager in cpanel. However the css style sheet didnt take. The pages are unformatted. Where do I need to upload my Css style sheet to cpanel so it will effect my pages?

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You can customize your dedicated server the way you want. The operating system and management and many other facilities could be chosen on your desire. This dedicated server could be yours within 24 hours of your payment. You can make an agreement with your service provider to have the server managed. It is advisable to come to an agreement with the service provider for the maintenance of your server as they are the best people to do the job. They will look after updates, installation of service packs and security software and everything connected to the maintenance of your cheap dedicated server. Once you come to this agreement, visitors to your site will not face difficulties due to break downs.

As a part of the package you will get 5 IP addresses. If you need more, the option is there for you to get more.

The Security of your data in the server is looked after by the operating system. Both Linux and Windows operating systems use various software’s to protect your data from hackers, spammers, Trojan horses and many other kinds of malware.

With your cheap dedicated server too there are limitations on content of your web pages. There is restriction on copy right material. If your content needs to have copy right material you need to get written permission first. Also there is restriction on adult material too. The service providers do not allow adult material in your website unless they are legal. Another reason for not allowing adult material is that they occupy a lot of server space. This is because they normally have video sound and photographs.

Any way it is always profitable to out source cheap dedicated server because for a small fee you get your own server.

Watch the video related to using cpanel

ServersAndHosting.com – This is a quick walkthrough of how to install Wordpress MU using cPanel and an SSH client.

Help answer the question aboutusing cpanel

How do you change a telephone number on a website using Cpanel?
We are a two employee company.We have a website but cant afford to hire someone to maintain it.I need to change a small detail on the website: our telephone number.I have access to the Cpanel but don't know where exactly I can go to change the telephone number.I have been looking under File manger etc buy don't seem to get any lead.With some little guidance on where to click and change the info I would be able to do it..Kindly help..